UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

☑ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 30, 2024

Or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________

Commission file number 000-31285

TTM TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(714) 327-3000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (based on the closing price of the registrant’s Common Stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on July 1, 2024, the last business day of the most recently completed second fiscal quarter), was $1,918,589,626. For purposes of this computation, all officers, directors, and 10% beneficial owners of the registrant are deemed to be affiliates of the registrant. Such determination should not be deemed to be an admission that such officers, directors, or 10% beneficial owners are, in fact, affiliates of the registrant.

As of February 14, 2025, there were outstanding 102,108,642 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.001 par value.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

TTM TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (Report) contains forward-looking statements regarding future events or our future financial and operational performance. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding markets for our products; trends in net sales, gross profits, and estimated expense levels; liquidity and anticipated cash needs and availability; and any statement that contains the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “plan,” “forecast,” “foresee,” “estimate,” “project,” “expect,” “seek,” “target,” “intend,” “goal” and other similar expressions. The forward-looking statements included in this Report reflect our current expectations and beliefs, and we do not undertake publicly to update or revise these statements, even if experience or future changes make it clear that any projected results expressed in this Report or future quarterly reports to stockholders, press releases or company statements will not be realized. In addition, the inclusion of any statement in this Report does not constitute an admission by us that the events or circumstances described in such statement are material. Furthermore, we wish to caution and advise readers that these statements are based on assumptions that may not materialize and may involve risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, that could cause actual events or performance to differ materially from those contained or implied in these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include the business and economic risks described in “Item 1A, Risk Factors”.

Unless otherwise indicated or unless the context requires otherwise, all references to time periods refer to our fiscal year, and all reference to “TTM,” “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” and similar names refer to TTM Technologies, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

General

We are a leading global manufacturer of technology solutions, including mission systems, radio frequency (RF) components, RF microwave/microelectronic assemblies, and quick-turn and technologically advanced printed circuit boards (PCB). According to a December 2024 report by Prismark Partners, we are one of the largest PCB manufacturers in the world based on 2023 revenue. In 2024, we generated approximately $2.4 billion in net sales and ended the year with approximately 16,400 employees worldwide. We currently operate a total of 23 specialized facilities in North America and Asia. We focus on providing time-to-market and volume production of advanced technology products and offer a one-stop design, engineering and manufacturing solution to our customers. This solution allows us to align technology development with the diverse needs of our customers and to enable them to reduce the time required to develop new products and bring them to market. We serve a diversified customer base consisting of approximately 1,400 customers in various markets throughout the world, including aerospace and defense, data center computing, automotive, medical, industrial and instrumentation, and networking. Our customers include original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), electronic manufacturing services (EMS) providers, original design manufacturers (ODMs), distributors, and government agencies (both domestic and allied foreign governments).

We report our worldwide operations based on two reportable segments: (1) PCB, which consists of 15 domestic system, subsystem, and PCB plants; four PCB fabrication plants in China; one in Malaysia; and one in Canada; and (2) RF and Specialty Components (RF&S Components), which consists of one domestic RF component plant and one RF component plant in China. Each segment operates predominantly in the same industries with facilities that produce customized products for our customers and use similar means of product distribution.

Additional information on our reportable segments and product information is contained in Part II, Item 8, Note 10, Segment Information, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Industry Overview

TTM provides a variety of hardware technology solutions, including completely designed and engineered systems, RF microwave/microelectronic assemblies, product lines of RF components, and technologically advanced PCBs.

TTM’s engineered systems are sold primarily to the aerospace and defense market, generally tier one subcontractors but also directly to government agencies (both domestic and allied foreign governments). Due, in part, to an increasing global threat environment, the President’s U.S. Department of Defense budget request grew by nearly $34 billion, or 4.2% over the two-year period, from the fiscal year 2023 actual to the fiscal year 2025 request according to the United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Request Overview Book. Additionally, due to modernization priorities, an increased proportion of defense budgets is geared towards defense electronics such as radar, communications, and surveillance. These are the key markets for our engineered systems products.

TTM’s RF microwave/microelectronic assemblies are also used in complete defense electronic systems and sold to tier one subcontractors. They benefit from increasing electronics content in defense programs as well as increased focus on solid-state active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar systems. Based on our internal market intelligence, we expect this market to grow faster than the overall defense market.

TTM also offers a variety of high-volume commercial RF components product lines. These components are utilized by TTM’s customers to achieve advance signal conditioning in transceiver applications for 5G and other communication systems. Examples of

RF components offered are: Hybrid and Directional Couplers, Baluns, Power Dividers, and RF Resistors. All of these products are highly engineered to meet the customers' critical high-performance and size requirements. The growth of the 5G transceiver market is expected to exceed overall telecommunications market growth over the next several years.

PCBs are manufactured in panels from sheets of laminated material. Each panel is typically subdivided into multiple PCBs, each consisting of a pattern of electrical circuitry etched from copper to provide an electrical connection between the components mounted to it. PCBs serve as the foundation for virtually all electronic products, including the electronic components integrated into automobiles, high-end commercial electronic equipment (such as medical equipment, data communications routers, switches, and servers), and aerospace and defense electronic systems.

Products designed to offer faster data transmission, thinner and more lightweight packaging, and reduced power consumption generally require increasingly complex PCBs to meet these criteria. By using advanced technology PCB product solutions such as High-Density Interconnect (HDI) and Substrate-like PCB (SLP) technologies, circuit densities can be increased, thereby providing for smaller products with higher packaging densities. Furthermore, rigid-flex circuits can be found in small and lightweight end products and other space-challenged electronics packaging applications across all end markets. Some PCB manufacturers also manufacture high-performance substrates that serve as the interconnect between integrated circuits (IC) and the PCB in many advanced electronic products serving a wide variety of end markets. Combined with the engineered systems and assemblies described earlier, we collectively refer to all of these technologies as “advanced technologies", and they generally have growth rates which are higher than conventional technologies. In addition, most of our markets have low volume requirements during the prototype stage that demand a highly flexible manufacturing environment which later transitions to a higher volume requirement during product ramp.

According to estimates in a December 2024 report by Prismark Partners, worldwide demand for PCBs was expected to be $73.6 billion for 2024. Of this worldwide demand for production in 2024, Prismark Partners reports that PCB production in the Americas accounted for approximately 5% (approximately $3.4 billion), PCB production in China accounted for approximately 56% (approximately $41.0 billion), and PCB production in the rest of the world accounted for approximately 39% (approximately $29.2 billion). According to the same report by Prismark Partners, worldwide demand for PCBs is forecast to grow at a 5.6% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) from 2023 to 2028 driven by recovery from the 2023 market downturn, continued expected growth in the data center and networking end markets from various demand sources including generative artificial intelligence (AI), and continued projected growth in the aerospace and defense end market from increasing defense growth. From a product standpoint, the fastest growth is expected to be in HDI, high layer count boards, and substrates.

Industry Trends

We believe that several trends impacting the advanced hardware technology design and manufacturing industry will benefit us in the future. These trends include:

Increasing complexity of electronic products, which requires technologically complex PCBs that can accommodate higher speeds and component densities, including high layer count, HDI, flexible, and substrate-like PCBs as well as intricately engineered RF components and subsystems and completely designed engineered systems.

Increasing domestic demand for microelectronics advanced packaging assembly, which utilizes HDI and substrate-like PCBs in their construction, to integrate chiplets into heterogeneous integrated packages – SIPs (system in package), utilizing both 2.5D and 3D construction with organic, silicon, and glass interposers.

Higher demand for reliable products manufactured in the U.S. and South East Asia, stemming from closer U.S. government oversight of sub‑tier supply chain materials and controls. In addition, trade tensions between the U.S. and China as well as the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and other global conflicts have increased the importance of supply chain partners with strong domestic capabilities and manufacturing footprints.

Increasing use of hardware technology solutions in diverse end markets as advanced electronics enable new capabilities. Many end markets that TTM serves have generally seen or are otherwise seeing a renaissance of growth opportunities due to the implementation of sophisticated electronics. In the defense market, solid-state radar systems referred to as AESA are being adopted in key new defense programs, replacing legacy mechanical systems. Also, the proliferation of sensors, data, data processing, and communications within the operational environment is driving significant growth in sophisticated electronic components as well as integrated systems. In the medical end market, remote diagnostic systems and robotics are seeing increasing adoption. In data center computing and networking, investments in generative AI and advanced networking are leading to demand for more advanced PCBs, supporting an ever connected world. Finally, in the automotive market, an increasing trend toward sophisticated safety systems, automated driving, electric/hybrid vehicles, connectivity, and miniaturization of electronic devices is driving increasing electronic content and higher PCB usage in automobiles, particularly with regard to the increased demand for advanced technologies like HDI, and RF PCBs for radar and sensor applications.

Supply chain consolidation by commercial OEMs. We believe that technology solution providers that can offer one-stop manufacturing capabilities — from prototype to volume production — with a globally diverse manufacturing footprint and integration capabilities have a competitive advantage in the market.

Our Strategy

Our vision is to inspire innovation as a global preeminent technology solutions company. Our core strategy includes the following elements:

Provide differentiated capabilities by incorporating advanced design-to-specification engineering support, testing, components, and specialized assembly into the value-added solution provided to customers. With our acquisition of Anaren in 2018, we moved beyond build-to-print manufacturing and assembly capabilities to engage with customers in designing a more complete RF solution to meet their technology needs. As a result of the additional design capabilities that stemmed from the acquisition, we are more capable of providing cost-effective, ready for manufacture, enabling technologies to the customer. With our acquisition of Telephonics in 2022, we built on the Anaren acquisition to expand into integrated systems, and deepen our RF and radar related engagement with key aerospace and defense customers.

Maintain our customer-driven culture and provide superior service to our customers in our core markets of aerospace and defense, automotive, data center computing, medical/industrial/instrumentation, and networking. Our customer-oriented culture is designed to achieve extraordinary service, competitive differentiation, and superior execution. Our customer-oriented strategies include engaging in co-development of new products, capturing new technology products for next generation equipment, and continuing investments to enhance our broad offering of PCB and RF/microwave technologies from components through integrated mission systems. We have invested in and employ a diverse group of design engineers and field application engineers (FAEs) to provide technical expertise to our customers with the goal of designing the best product and service solutions for their needs, and to provide ongoing technical support. We believe our ability to anticipate and meet customers’ needs is critical to retaining existing customers and attracting leading companies as new customers.

Drive operational efficiency and productivity. We are highly focused on improving our operational execution to increase efficiency, productivity, and yields. We strongly believe in the benefits of sharing best practices across our extensive manufacturing footprint and rely on stringent goals for throughput, quality, and customer satisfaction to measure our effectiveness. The fast-paced nature of our business requires a disciplined approach to manufacturing that is rooted in continuous improvement.

Accelerate customer, end market, and technology diversification through strategic mergers and acquisitions. We have a history of executing successful acquisitions that have been key to our growth and profitability. Historically, we focused on strategic opportunities that could facilitate our efforts to further diversify into other growing end markets. Now that we have a more diversified end market mix, our focus is to expand our presence in existing end markets, particularly aerospace and defense which has longer product and program life cycles. We will also look for strategic opportunities that further strengthen our leading-edge technology capabilities. For example, the acquisition of Anaren in 2018 added critical RF engineering, simulation, and integration capabilities, the acquisition of certain assets of i3 Electronics, Inc. (i3) in 2019 allowed us to broaden our technology portfolio for high mix, low volume advanced technology PCBs, and the subsequent acquisition of Telephonics in 2022 significantly expanded our aerospace and defense product offering vertically into highly engineered integrated mission system solutions and horizontally into surveillance and communications markets, while strengthening our position in radar systems.

Accelerate our expansion into growing markets using our advanced technology as a key point of differentiation. With rising requirements for faster data transmission, shrinking features (i.e., lightweight and thin), and lower power consumption, many PCB designs have migrated to more complex HDI PCBs from conventional multilayer PCB technologies. This trend began with PCBs used in portable devices such as smartphones and other mobile devices but has become an increasing trend in other end markets, such as automotive, data center computing, networking, medical, and aerospace and defense. As our customers consolidate their supply chains, our objective is to differentiate ourselves as a strategic supplier with the technology breadth to meet most, if not all, of our customers’ PCB and RF related requirements. In the defense industry, there is growing use of electronics, particularly RF/Microwave technologies to develop AESA radars and other integrated mission systems that demonstrate significant performance improvement over traditional systems.

Address customer needs in all stages of the product life cycle. By aiming to provide a one-stop solution, we work to service our customers’ needs from the earliest stages of product design and development through volume production. We believe that by servicing our customers early in the development process, we are able to demonstrate our capabilities and establish an incumbent position early in the product development cycle, which translates into additional opportunities as our customers move into volume production. We believe our expertise is enhanced by our ability to deliver highly complex PCBs to customers in significantly compressed lead times. This rapid delivery service enables OEMs to develop sophisticated electronic products more quickly and reduce their time to market. We believe we will be able to continue to increase customer engagement with customized RF solutions from the concept stage through volume production, which typically results in intensified customer engagement. Further, by providing complete engineered systems, we are working more closely with the end customer, providing them with a more complete final product which also enhances our early engagement.

Deliver consistently strong financial performance and execute on our balance sheet strategy. We aspire to deliver industry‑leading financial performance. We expect to achieve this by servicing our customers’ needs in higher-growth end markets in a cost‑efficient and effective manner. We believe that this strategy will allow us to generate strong cash flows, which we expect will provide us with the financial flexibility for continued investments for growth and return of capital to shareholders.

Continuously enhance the elements that make TTM an appealing employer. We aim to attract the right employees who are aligned with our values and desire growth in their professional careers. We believe our employee engagement model, emphasis on communications and inclusion, commitment to career development and talent, and collaborative culture are the top reasons employees embrace us. Our ability to retain valued talent while attracting the right candidates is paramount to our continued human capital strategy.

Products and Services

We offer a wide range of engineered systems, RF and microwave assemblies, HDI PCBs, flexible PCBs, rigid-flex PCBs, custom assemblies and system integration, IC substrates, passive RF components, advanced ceramic RF components, hi-reliability multi-chip modules, beamforming and switching networks, PCB products, RF components, and backplane/custom assembly solutions, including conventional PCBs. We also offer certain value-added services to support our customers’ needs. These include design‑for‑manufacturability (DFM), PCB layout design, simulation and testing services, and quick turnaround (QTA) production. For our RF subassemblies and components, we provide specialized assembly and RF testing to offer value-added solutions to our customers. By offering this wide range of engineered systems, RF components and subsystems, PCB products, and complementary value-added services, we aim to provide our customers with a “one-stop” manufacturing solution for their hardware technology and integration requirements. We believe this differentiates us from our competition and enhances our customer relationships. Below we describe our product lines in more detail.

Radar Systems

We provide a wide range of high-performing, lightweight, and cost-effective maritime surveillance and weather avoidance radar systems for fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and shipboard platforms to the U.S. government, tier one OEMs, and numerous international defense agencies. At this time, we are also the sole provider of the U.S. Navy’s AN/APS-153 multi-mode radar on the MH-60R helicopter, and the communications suite within the MH-60R/S multi-mission helicopters. Our maritime surveillance radars offer advanced features such as Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR), Automatic Identification System (AIS), and weather avoidance. We are in the process of developing the next generation multi-mode maritime and overland surveillance AESA radar known as MOSAIC®.

Surveillance

We are a global leader in Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), Monopulse Secondary Surveillance Radars (MSSR), and Air Traffic Control (ATC) systems enabling military and civilian air traffic controllers to effectively identify aircraft and vehicles as friendly. We provide both equipment and supporting services required to safely and reliably control flight operations. These systems are used by the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marines, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and numerous international defense agencies including those of Japan and South Korea. These systems have been fielded globally in a wide range of ground, air, and sea-based applications.

Communications Systems

Our advanced wired and wireless communication systems provide the digital backbone for numerous defense and civil platforms worldwide, including fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft and ground control shelters. These systems are designed to meet stringent customer requirements to support adaptability to special missions and communications protocol requirements. Our vehicle-based intercommunications systems deliver traditional intercom system capabilities while incorporating software-defined features, including an open architecture for integration into vehicle C4 (command, control, communications, and computing) systems, networked communications gateways, and combat vehicles. Commercial audio products and headsets are utilized worldwide in a wide range of military and civilian applications, including audiometric testing. Our communications systems are fielded within the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marines, and numerous international defense agencies. These systems are also sold to aerospace manufacturers, commercial airlines, and audiometric original equipment manufacturers.

RF and Microwave Assemblies

We design, produce, and test specialized circuits and components used in radio frequency or microwave emission and collection applications. These products are typically used for radar, transmit/receive antennas and similar wireless applications. Markets for these products include defense, avionics, satellite, and commercial applications including telecommunications, networking, instrumentation, and automotive. The manufacture of these products requires advanced materials, equipment, and methods that are highly specialized and distinct from conventional printed circuit manufacturing techniques. We also offer specialized radio frequency assembly and test services. We have developed integrated solutions across our facilities and capabilities to provide sophisticated integrated electronics for numerous platforms, ranging from digital RF memory (DRFM) to frequency up/down converters (UDC) and channelized amplifiers for military and space applications.

Passive RF Components

Our line of products consists of off-the-shelf surface mount microwave components which provide passive microwave signal distribution functions. These products were developed to provide a lower-cost high-performance signal distribution component, which

could be placed on standard printed circuit boards with automated production equipment. The primary applications of these products are currently in equipment for cellular base stations and in Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Bluetooth, and satellite television. In cellular base stations, our surface mount products are utilized in RF power amplifiers, and are also found in low-noise amplifiers, radios, and antennas. 5G advancements and the continued proliferation of wireless technology may create new applications for these products across other end markets.

Advanced Ceramic RF Components

Our ceramic offerings include standard and etched thick-film ceramic substrates. Etched thick-film ceramic circuits compete favorably with thin-film ceramic circuits in cost while providing comparable performance. These products are generally customer designed in close collaboration with our engineering staff to ensure the highest possible performance and manufacturability. These capabilities are aimed at high-performance applications in the medical, industrial, and defense markets.

Hi-Reliability Multi-Chip Modules

We offer custom hybrid and multi-chip modules, high-performance radiation-hardened and space-qualified microelectronics, and power management and control electronics utilizing traditional chip and wire 2D construction as well as 2.5/3DHI advanced packaging assembly.

Beamforming and Switching Networks

Our beamforming technologies are used in military and aerospace applications, offering a variety of active and passive high‑performance RF assemblies, including L-band/LEO and L- and S-band/GEO space beamformers, UHF thru Ka-band radar AESA RF networks, Butler matrices, multi-octave, and more.

Custom Designed Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)

Our Custom Integrated Circuits (CIC) group has designed nearly 400 mixed-signal custom ASICs for customers in the automotive, industrial, defense/avionics, and smart energy markets. The CIC organization works with our customers' technical teams, taking complete responsibility for the ASIC development process, from the initial ASIC specification definition through qualification and volume production, to meet the most stringent customer program requirements.

Conventional PCBs

A conventional PCB is made from a composite laminate that is metalized with a conductive material such as copper. The PCB is the basic platform used to interconnect components in most electronic products including computers, networking and communications equipment, high-end consumer electronics, automotive controls, commercial aerospace and defense systems, and medical and industrial equipment. Conventional PCBs can be classified as single-sided, double-sided, and multilayer boards.

We focus on higher layer count conventional PCBs. A multilayer PCB can accommodate more complex circuitry than a single‑sided or double-sided PCB and as such, requires more sophisticated production techniques. The number of layers comprising a PCB often increases with the complexity of the end product. For example, a simple consumer device such as a garage door controller may use a single-sided or double-sided PCB, while a high-end network router or computer server may use a PCB with 30 or more layers.

High-density interconnect or HDI PCBs

Our facilities in North America and Asia also produce HDI PCBs, which are PCBs with higher interconnect density per unit area requiring more sophisticated technology and manufacturing processes for their production than conventional PCB products. HDI PCBs are boards with high-density characteristics including micro-sized holes, or microvias (diameter at or less than 0.15 mm), and fine line circuitry (circuit line width and spacing at or less than 0.075 mm) and are fabricated with thin high-performance materials, thereby enabling more interconnection functions per unit area. HDI PCBs generally are manufactured using a sequential build-up process in which circuitry is formed in the PCB one layer at a time through successive drilling, plating, and lamination cycles. In general, a board’s complexity is a function of interconnect and circuit density, layer count, laminate material type, and surface finishes. As electronic devices have become smaller and more portable with higher functionality, demand for advanced HDI PCB products has increased dramatically. We define advanced HDI PCBs as those having more than one layer of microvia interconnection structure.

Substrate-like PCBs or SLPs

SLPs represent the next evolution of high-end HDI PCBs. SLPs are PCBs with even higher interconnect density per unit area than the traditional advanced HDI PCBs described above requiring an even more sophisticated manufacturing technology adapted from IC substrate fabrication with enhancements to the subtractive and additive techniques of traditional PCBs. This enables fine line circuitry (circuit line width and spacing at or less than 0.03 mm). Demand for this type of high-density circuit is continuing to penetrate the markets of more traditional PCBs. In addition, we now offer an alternative approach to building SLP technology in the United States for lower volume, higher mix commercial and aerospace and defense applications.

Flexible PCBs

Flexible PCBs are printed circuits produced on flexible films, allowing them to be folded or bent to fit the available space or allowing for application movement. We manufacture circuits on flexible substrates that can be installed in three-dimensional applications for electronic packaging systems. Use of flexible circuitry can enable improved reliability and electrical performance, reduced weight and reduced assembly costs when compared with traditional wire harness or ribbon cable packaging. Flexible PCBs can provide for flexible electronic connectivity of an electrical device’s apparatus such as printer heads, cameras, televisions, mobile handsets, and tablets. For some of our flexible PCB customers, we also assemble components onto the flexible PCBs we manufacture.

Rigid-flex PCBs

Rigid-flex circuitry provides a simple means to integrate multiple PCB assemblies and other elements such as display, input, or storage devices without wires, cables, or connectors, replacing them with thin, light composites that integrate wiring in ultra-thin, flexible ribbons between rigid sections. In rigid-flex packaging, a flexible circuit substrate provides a backbone of wiring with rigid multilayer circuit sections built up as modules where needed.

Since the ribbons can be bent or folded, rigid-flex provides a means to compactly package electronics in three dimensions with dynamic or static bending functions as required, enabling miniaturization, and thinness of product design. The simplicity of rigid-flex integration also generally reduces the number of parts and interconnections required, which can improve reliability.

Rigid-flex technology is essential to a broad range of applications including aerospace and defense, industrial, and transportation systems requiring high reliability; hand-held and wearable electronics, such as video cameras and music players, where thinness and mechanical articulation are essential; and ultra-miniaturized products such as headsets, medical implants, and semiconductor packaging where size and reliability are paramount.

Custom assemblies

Our assembly facilities produce custom electronic assemblies. Custom electronic assemblies refers to a variety of PCB assemblies such as backplane and mid-plane assemblies, flexible and rigid-flex assemblies, and RF assemblies. Each of these assemblies involves mounting electronic components to a printed circuit board and then testing the assembly for electrical continuity.

IC substrates

IC substrates provide the mechanical support and electrical interconnect used to package ICs (integrated circuits or semiconductors) either in single chip packages or multi-chip modules. IC substrates, also known as chip carriers, are highly miniaturized circuits manufactured by a process largely similar to that for PCBs but requiring the use of ultra-thin materials and including micron-scale features, because they must bridge the gap between sub-micron IC features and millimeter scale PCBs. Consequently, IC substrates are generally manufactured in a clean room environment to ensure products are free of defects and contamination and employ advanced HDI processes and manufacturing approaches used in SLP technology.

Quick turnaround services

We refer to our rapid delivery services as QTA because we provide custom-fabricated PCBs to our customers within as little as 24 hours to ten days. As a result of our ability to rapidly and reliably respond to the critical time requirements of our customers, we generally receive premium pricing for our QTA services as compared to standard lead time prices.

Thermal management

Increased component density on circuit boards often requires improved thermal dissipation to reduce operating temperatures. We produce printed circuits with heavy copper cores and both embedded and press-fit coins. In addition, we produce PCBs with electrically passive heat sinks laminated externally on a circuit board or between two circuit boards, as well as PCBs with electrically active thermal cores.

Manufacturing Technologies

The market for our products is characterized by rapidly evolving technology. The trend in the electronic products industry continues to be to implement and develop means to increase the speed, complexity, and performance of components while reducing

their size. We believe our technological capabilities allow us to address the needs of manufacturers to bring complicated electronic products to market faster.

To manufacture PCBs, we generally receive circuit designs directly from our customers in the form of computer data files, which we review to ensure data accuracy and product manufacturability. Processing these data files with computer aided manufacturing (CAM) technology, we generate images of the circuit patterns that we then physically develop on individual layers, using advanced photographic and direct imaging processes. Through a variety of plating and etching processes, we selectively add and remove conductive materials to form horizontal layers of thin circuitry, which are separated by electrical insulating material. A multilayer circuit board is produced by laminating together multiple layers of circuitry, using intense heat and pressure under vacuum. Vertical connections between layers are achieved by drilling and plating through small holes, called vias. Vias are made by highly specialized drilling equipment capable of achieving extremely fine tolerances with high accuracy. We specialize in high layer count PCBs with extremely fine geometries and tolerances. Because of the tolerances involved, we employ clean rooms in certain manufacturing processes where tiny particles might otherwise create defects on the circuit patterns. We also use automated optical inspection systems and electrical testing systems to ensure consistent quality of the circuits we produce.

Our highly specialized equipment and advanced manufacturing processes enable us to reliably produce PCBs with the following characteristics:

Our Integrated Electronics manufacturing organization principally designs and manufactures state-of-the-art microwave-based hardware for use in advanced radar systems, advanced jamming systems, missiles, and decoys, electronic surveillance systems, and satellite and ground-based communication systems. Several core manufacturing technology areas include:

Customers and Markets

Our customers include end-users, OEMs, EMS providers, ODMs, and distributors that primarily serve the aerospace and defense, automotive, data center computing, medical/industrial/instrumentation, and networking end markets of the electronics industry. Included in the end markets that our OEM and EMS customers serve is the U.S. federal government. As a result, we are a supplier, primarily as a subcontractor, to the U.S. federal government. In addition, we also sell directly to government agencies (both domestic and allied foreign governments).

See table in Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the percentage of our net sales in each of the principal end markets we serve.

Sales attributed to OEMs include sales made through EMS providers and ODMs. Although our contractual relationships are often with the EMS or ODM companies, we typically negotiate price and volume requirements directly with the OEMs. In addition, we are on the approved vendor lists of several of our EMS providers. This positions us to participate in business that is awarded at the discretion of the EMS provider.

Our sales and marketing strategy focuses on building long-term relationships with our customers’ engineering and new product introduction personnel early in the product development phase, frequently through strategic account management teams. Traditional build-to-print opportunities involve TTM engineering providing design for manufacture reviews and making recommendations for both manufacturability and cost reductions without impacting specifications. Prototype builds to verify design ensue, along with the early stages of production. As the product then matures from the prototype stage to volume production, we shift our focus to the customers’ procurement departments in order to capture sales at each point in the product’s life cycle. Our design-to-specification capabilities allow us to engage at the onset in the engineering cycle at critical aerospace and defense customers as they begin the process of specifying system requirements. At that stage, we support our customers by designing a solution as well as providing early prototyping and test support for that solution. We will then work to meet the ramp-to-volume production requirements of our customers. Building upon this strategy and moving further vertically along the customer value chain, we also design and manufacture highly-engineered integrated mission systems for aerospace and defense applications.

Our staff of engineers, sales support personnel, and managers assist our sales representatives in advising customers with respect to manufacturing feasibility, design review, and technological capabilities through direct communication and visits. We combine our sales efforts with customer service personnel at each facility to better serve our customers. Each large customer is typically assigned an account manager to coordinate all of the Company’s services across all of our facilities. Additionally, the largest and most strategic customers are also supported by select program management and engineering teams. Our global sales force is comprised of direct sales personnel, complemented by commission-based independent representatives, and supports customers throughout North America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.

Our North America footprint includes facilities from our PCB and RF&S Components reportable segments with 16 PCB fabrication and engineered system plants located in California, Colorado, Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Ontario, Canada; and one RF component plant located in New York.

Our Asia footprint includes facilities from our PCB and RF&S Components reportable segments. We have five PCB fabrication plants located in Huiyang, Dongguan, Guangzhou, and Zhongshan, China and Penang, Malaysia; and one RF component plant located in Suzhou, China.

On November 1, 2023, we announced our selection of Syracuse, New York as the location for a proposed advanced technology PCB manufacturing facility. In the third quarter of 2024, we broke ground and started construction on the 24-acre property adjacent to our existing facility in Syracuse for the campus expansion and the site for the new facility, and we expect to commence initial low rate production in 2026.

For certain risks attendant to our foreign operations, see Item 1A, Risk Factors.

Suppliers

The supply chain for our different product areas is meaningfully diverse. For PCBs, primary raw materials are copper clad laminates and chemicals, while for engineered systems and RF components and subsystems, primary raw materials are components such as circuit card assemblies, PCBs, semiconductors, and connectors.

The primary raw materials we use in PCB manufacturing include copper clad laminate, chemical solutions such as copper and gold for plating operations, photographic film, carbide drill bits, and plastic for testing fixtures. Although we have preferred suppliers for some raw materials used in the manufacture of PCBs, most of our raw materials are generally readily available in the open market from numerous other potential suppliers.

The primary raw materials we use in engineered systems, RF components, RF subsystems, backplane assemblies, and other PCB assemblies are manufactured components such as PCBs, ceramic and ferrite substrates, connectors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, and integrated circuits, many of which are custom made and controlled by our customers’ approved vendors. The more complicated RF subsystems may require us to purchase integrated subassemblies and super-components such as RF oscillators, frequency converters, power supplies, and microprocessors. These components for backplane assemblies and other PCB assemblies in some cases have limited or sole sources of supply. For example, in some instances, our customers will require use of a specific component from a particular supplier or require use of a component provided by the customer itself, in which case we may have a single or limited number of suppliers for these specific components. The backplane assemblies, PCB assemblies, and precision metal fabricated chassis and enclosures which we produce are often incorporated into a fully integrated and tested system delivered to our customer. These products often incorporate procured power, thermal, interconnect, and mechanical components sourced from either customer directed or our selected suppliers.

Radar, Communication, and Surveillance systems use highly sophisticated electronic subassemblies including Transmitter and Receiver CCA’s/Modules, Traveling Wave Tube Assemblies, Exciters, Wave Form Generators, and Frequency Generators. Many of these systems also require the acquisition of RF antenna arrays, illuminated panel subassemblies, inertial navigation/GPS subassemblies from OEMs or parts specifically designed for certain applications. The material for these systems come from a variety of sources, including OEMs and Contract Manufacturers, and are often defined by the end customer.

We typically use just-in-time procurement practices to maintain our raw materials inventory at low levels and work closely with our suppliers to obtain technologically advanced raw materials. In addition, we periodically seek alternative supply sources with the goal of ensuring that we are receiving competitive pricing and service. Certain raw materials, particularly semiconductors continue to be in short supply and are limiting production of some of our engineered systems while other raw materials for PCBs and subassemblies are in adequate supply now. Supply for PCB materials can vary over time depending on supply/demand dynamics for key raw materials such as copper clad laminates. See Item 1A, Risk Factors for more details.

Competition

For PCBs, our competitors are mostly based in China and Taiwan. For engineered products such as RF subassemblies and systems, we compete with a different set of competitors largely based in the U.S. and Europe. The PCB industry remains fragmented and characterized by intense competition. There are several competitive factors our customers consider when choosing their supplier including, but not limited to, technical capabilities, pricing, service, support, reliability, quality, and location. Our principal PCB and substrate competitors include AT&S (Austria Technologie & Systemtechnik Aktiengesellschaft), Chin-Poon Industrial Co., Ltd., Founder PCB, Gold Circuit Electronics Ltd., ISU Petasys Co., Ltd., Sanmina Corporation, Shennan Circuits Co., Ltd., Suzhou Dongshan Precision Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Tripod Technology Corporation, Unimicron Technology Corporation, Victory Giant Technology, WUS Printed Circuit Co., Ltd., and Zhen Ding Technology Holding Ltd. Our competition for RF products and engineered systems include BAE Systems plc, Honeywell, Crane Aerospace & Electronics, Elta Systems Ltd., Hensoldt AG, Mercury Systems, Inc., RN2 Technologies Co., Selex ES (subsidiary of Leonardo S.p.A.), Smiths Group plc, and Thales Group.

We believe that our key competitive strengths include:

Leading global technology solutions manufacturer. We are one of the largest technology solutions manufacturers in North America, one of the largest suppliers to the aerospace and defense industry and have a global sales and manufacturing presence. Historically, we have focused on manufacturing PCBs, but we have been moving further up our customers’ value chain by also designing and manufacturing RF subassemblies and engineered systems. According to a December 2024 report by Prismark Partners, we are one of the largest and most diversified PCB manufacturers in the world based on 2023 revenues, and we enjoy significant economies of scale, with net sales of approximately $2.4 billion for fiscal year 2024. This scale has helped us invest both organically and inorganically to provide more technology and manufacturing solutions to our customers. The PCB industry is highly fragmented with the top 40 PCB providers comprising approximately 80% of market share based on 2023 revenue, according to Prismark Partners. As our customers consolidate their supply base, we offer the technology breadth and scale to emerge as a preferred partner.

Breadth of technology and products. We offer a wide range of engineered systems, passive RF components, advanced ceramic RF components, hi-reliability multi-chip modules, beamforming and switching networks, IC substrates, and PCB and RF products, including HDI and Ultra-HDI PCBs, conventional PCBs, flexible PCBs, rigid-flex PCBs, and custom assemblies. We also offer certain value-added services to support our customers’ needs. These include RF design-to-specification capability, DFM, PCB layout design, simulation and testing services, and QTA services. By providing these value-added services to customers, we are capable of providing our customers with a “one-stop” technology solution, which we believe enhances our relationships with our customers.

Diversified business model. Our sales are diversified by a well-balanced portfolio of end markets that we serve and by the customers we sell to within those end markets. This diversity reduces our exposure to, and reliance on, any single end market or customer. We enjoy a large and diverse customer base with over 1,400 customers, as well as long-term relationships in excess of ten years with our ten largest customers.

Focused on attractive end markets with a favorable growth outlook and dependence on sophisticated product capabilities. We believe that our global manufacturing footprint and breadth of capabilities enables us to serve multiple key end markets for our technology solutions. The aerospace & defense industry in particular provides an opportunity for us as we combine our traditional market strength in core PCB technology with the advanced technologies, RF capabilities and engineered systems we offer for growing requirements in both traditional and AESA radar systems for defense applications.

One-stop solution for customers. We are capable of providing a one-stop design, manufacturing, and test solution to our customers with design services, engineering support, and prototype development through final volume production around the globe. This one-stop solution allows us to better serve our customers, many of whom are based in time-critical high growth markets, enabling our customers to reduce the time required to develop new products and bring them to market. We utilize a facility specialization strategy in which each customer is directed to the facility best suited to the customer’s product type, delivery time, complexity, and volume needs. This enables us to reduce the time from order placement to delivery. As our commercial customers ramp to volume, we are positioned to transition them to one of our volume facilities in China or Malaysia.

Leading aerospace and defense supplier. We have passed OEM and government certification processes, and the administrative requirements associated with participation in government and commercial aerospace programs. When supplying various departments and agencies of the U.S. government, we are required to maintain facility security clearances under the National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM) and International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). Along with supply of traditional and RF PCBs, we offer a variety of RF components and subassemblies, engineered systems, as well as our engineering services and assembly capabilities which allow us to bring additional value to our customers.

Seasonality

We tend to experience modest seasonal softness in the first and third quarters due to holidays and vacation periods in China and North America, respectively, which limit production leading to stronger revenue levels in the second and fourth quarters.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property strategy remains deliberate and aimed at protecting the innovations critical to TTM’s business and the success of our customers. We now have a total of approximately one hundred fifty-four (154) patents, with approximately thirty-three (33) pending patent applications. These patents are derived from internal research and development as well as a number of intellectual property portfolio acquisitions beginning in 2018. Our PCB business depends on the effectiveness of our fabrication techniques, proprietary PCB structures, and our ability to continually improve our manufacturing processes. We rely on the collective experience of our employees in the manufacturing process to ensure that we continuously evaluate and adopt new technologies available within our industry. In addition, we depend on robust training, recruiting, and retention of our employees, who are required to be knowledgeable in the operation of advanced equipment and complicated manufacturing processes. In regard to our RF products, the vast majority are proprietary and protected or covered by approximately forty-five (45) patents and three (3) currently pending patent applications directed towards products for both the wireless infrastructure and aerospace and defense markets.

National Security Matters

A portion of our business consists of manufacturing defense and defense-related items for various departments and agencies of the U.S. government, including the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), which requires that we maintain facility security clearances under the NISPOM. The NISPOM requires that a corporation with significant foreign ownership maintaining a facility security clearance take steps to prevent foreign ownership, control, or influence (FOCI). In February of 2023, our Board of Directors passed a Special Board Resolution (SBR), replacing the Special Security Agreement (SSA) that we entered into with the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (DCSA) in 2010. The replacement of the SSA with the SBR is a result of the significantly reduced foreign ownership of TTM. DCSA accepted the SBR and the effective date of the SBR was February 2, 2023. The SBR codifies the maintenance of the Government Security Committee of the Board to oversee our compliance and cybersecurity efforts and to put into place best practices in our facilities in the U.S. and overseas to ensure that we maintain robust security practices and policies as we serve the interests of our customers in the Aerospace and Defense market. The Government Security Committee of our Board of Directors consists of at least three Board members that hold a National Security Clearance. The DCSA will continue to review TTM’s compliance with the terms of the SBR annually at each of TTM’s sites which operate under a U.S. DoD security clearance. In addition, all of TTM’s Board is currently comprised of U.S. citizens and per the terms of the SBR, in the future, no foreign citizen will be allowed to sit on TTM’s Board.

Other Governmental Regulations

Our operations, particularly those in North America, are subject to a broad range of regulatory requirements relating to export control, environmental compliance, waste management, and health and safety matters. In particular, we are subject to the following:

The process to manufacture PCBs and our other products requires adherence to city, county, state, federal, and foreign environmental laws and regulations regarding the storage, use, handling, and disposal of chemicals, solid wastes, and other hazardous materials, as well as compliance with wastewater and air quality standards. We believe that our facilities in the United States and Canada comply in all material respects with applicable environmental laws and regulations. In Asia, the government has a history of changing legal requirements with minimal notice. We believe that our facilities in Asia comply in all material respects with current applicable environmental laws and regulations and have resources in place to maintain compliance to them. The capital expenditure costs expected for environmental improvement initiatives are included in our annual capital expenditure projections.

Human Capital

How we manage and leverage our human capital is essential in executing our strategy. At TTM, we believe a key differentiator is our culture, which has been shaped through considerable thought and energy. Our culture has served us well as we integrate acquired companies and optimize our organizational structures and teams to better serve our customers. The following elements underpin our culture:

Commitment to Values and Ethics. The foundation of TTM’s strategic vision is its corporate culture and its way of doing business with integrity, teamwork, clear communication, and performance excellence. We seek to demonstrate the importance we place on these values through our goal setting and performance management process as well as providing ethics training to employees every year.

Along with the TTM Values and our Leadership Principles, we discuss and act in accordance with, and provide annual training for, our Code of Conduct, which outlines our expectations and provides guidance for our employees. Our Code of Conduct includes topics such as anti-corruption, discrimination, harassment, privacy, appropriate use of company assets, protecting confidential information, and reporting Code of Conduct violations. Our Code of Conduct reinforces the importance of fostering an open, welcoming environment in which all employees have a voice and a confidential outlet to raise concerns regarding potential violations.

Our commitment to our communities is demonstrated through our volunteer efforts, charitable donations, and sponsorships. As an employer, our local sites choose the organizations to affiliate with that best reflect our values.

In 2021, the TTM Board of Directors established the TTM Chair for Community Service Award to recognize one outstanding team for their contributions to the local community during that year. We host the winning external organization along with TTM employees and executive leaders in an annual awards ceremony. In 2024, we honored the Zhongshan Charity Federation and contributed a Renminbi (RMB) 148,000 (approximately $20,000) check to Qizhi Special Education Project in January 2025. This project will mainly focus on improving the teaching facilities and environment at the Qizhi Training Center, enhancing teaching quality, enriching course content, and providing higher quality and comprehensive educational resources for special needs children.

Talent Acquisition. Our vision is to provide exceptional talent acquisition, recognized for our commitment to engaging with and building robust talent sources, the optimized use of technology, and a compelling employment brand. We aspire to create a seamless and candidate-centric experience that not only meets the needs of TTM globally, but also ensures a positive and engaging journey. By continually refining our approach and embracing innovative solutions, we aim to build a workforce that drives the company's success and fosters a culture of growth and opportunity.

Talent Development. Talent development is a collective and continuous effort of all of our people managers. We engage in regular talent reviews to calibrate on performance, potential, development gaps and progress, and to evaluate the depth and strength of our integrated succession plans. Our approach to learning is a continuous one, regardless of experience level or tenure. We provide leadership development programs with individually tailored development plans anchored in dedicated coaching and select internal mentors. To ensure focus on individual development for growth and readiness for career opportunities, we track the completion of

development plans of our employees in management, technical, and professional career tracks, with over 91% documented plans in 2024. We provide recurring instructor-led, blended learning, online courses, and development programs for different stages of leadership including new people leaders through more senior leaders. Additionally, we extend competency-based training, sponsor job rotations, and form project teams comprised of emerging talent. We provide tuition reimbursement assistance, as well as a monthly stipend to engineers to pay down student debt. Our global learning management system houses extensive internal content as well as select external materials for all to access.

Inclusion. Recognizing and respecting our global presence, we strive to build and maintain a workforce that is diverse in talents and experiences as we promote an inclusive culture that reflects the communities that we reside in and serve. As part of our efforts, TTM’s Inclusion Council works collaboratively across the organization to drive our culture and support key corporate wide initiatives. We have expanded and continue to develop our existing policies and training to address harassment, bullying, and the elimination of bias in the workplace to curb discrimination in all forms. Our focus on inclusion is aimed at helping managers and employees contribute and collaborate in team environments where respect is essential and everyone is encouraged to participate. Finally, our global efforts at building inclusive teams comes to life through our annual art contest where employees (and family members) express themselves through art displays what inclusion and diversity means to them.

Employee Engagement & Turnover. We periodically survey our employees and benefit from favorable participation rates to identify and act on specific opportunities to enhance our work environment, improve communications, and strengthen the connection between supervisors and employees. In 2024, we deployed a full-scale engagement survey on 14 engagement drivers with 97% participation rate globally. TTM’s overall engagement survey results indicated High Performing (compared to benchmark) in 13 of the 14 drivers, with Culture and Inclusion registering the highest scores. From our initial survey in 2022, these results showed improvement in many areas to include our promoter score. The voice of our employees provides valuable insights on how we invest in people and prioritize specific actions and programs to attract and retain talent. We have shared the results with our employees and gathered additional insights before completing detailed action plans covering every manufacturing plant and corporate function in 2025.

To further gauge talent attraction and the onboarding experience, we utilize a new hire survey to gather insight into our employee’s experience from the moment they first interact with TTM as a candidate to settling into their first couple of months in their new role. Completing the employee life cycle, we implemented an exit survey to gather feedback from employees leaving TTM.

Our two regional change agent networks (Asia and North America) exist to improve communications from the factory and office floor up to the senior management team. We select several employees within each site who are respected, influential, and representative of the employee base to serve as change agents. This network discusses and then communicates the key initiatives within the sites in addition to raising employee concerns. Additionally, these teams prioritize site initiatives around community activities, site improvement projects, recognition programs, and new communication methods.

We review employee turnover rates paying particular attention to supervisor and technical retention. We believe the emphasis we place on selecting, training, and coaching supervisors positively impacts their ability to lead people. Our leadership principles of results, communications, collaboration, and career development are designed to improve the employee experience and strengthen working relationships. Through internal surveys, it is clear our employees value their relationships with their supervisors, career opportunities, and the corporate culture.

Compensation and Benefits. We strive to align our compensation and benefit programs with ever changing market conditions. We are committed to reviewing our programs annually and recommend changes to improve our market competitiveness and ability to attract and retain our talent. In 2024, we continued to enhance and mature our global job infrastructure that we developed in 2022. Our goal of this global framework is to invest in our employees’ total cash compensation for competitive reasons while outlining career tracks and levels to provide development opportunities. Our people leaders are dedicated to engaging with their employees to explain the career framework, their compensation, and potential for future jobs. We have seen the positive impact of the adjustments we made to base salaries and incentive compensation coupled with the conversations on career opportunities from managers. We believe other benefits of this structure are as follows:

We also offer comprehensive benefit plans for eligible employees including mental health, employee assistance program (EAP), telemedicine offerings, several medical and dental plans with qualifying employer-funded health savings accounts, life insurance,

specialty programs for diabetes and weight loss, wellness challenges, and an on-site health and physical therapy center at one of our largest U.S. facilities.

Employee Data

As of December 30, 2024, we had approximately 16,400 employees. Our employees were distributed by function approximately as follows: 13,100 in manufacturing positions, 1,800 in engineering or technician positions, 500 in sales and marketing positions, and 1,000 in professional, managerial, or other administrative positions. Of our 5,800 U.S. employees, 50 are represented by unions. In China, approximately 8,500 employees are members of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions and accordingly are considered to be represented by a labor union. We believe that our relations with both our union and non-union employees are satisfactory.

Availability of Reports Filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission

We are a Delaware corporation founded in 1998, with our principal executive offices located at 200 East Sandpointe, Suite 400, Santa Ana, CA 92707. Our telephone number is (714) 327-3000. Our website address is www.ttm.com. We routinely post important information for investors on our website in the “Investor Relations” section. We use this website as a means of disclosing material information in compliance with our disclosure obligations under Regulation Fair Disclosure (FD). Accordingly, investors should monitor the “Investor Relations” section of our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, presentations, and webcasts. Information included on our websites is not incorporated into this Report. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports are available without charge on our website at https://investors.ttm.com/, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with or furnished electronically to the SEC. Our SEC filings are also available to the public at www.sec.gov. Copies are also available without charge by (1) telephonic request by calling our Investor Relations Department at (714) 327-3000; (2) e-mail request to investor@ttmtech.com; or (3) a written request to TTM Technologies, Inc., Attention: Investor Relations, 200 East Sandpointe, Suite 400, Santa Ana, CA 92707.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Risk Factor Summary

The risk factors summarized below could materially harm our business, operating results and/or financial condition, impair our future prospects and/or cause the price of our common stock to decline. Listed below is a summary of the principal risks, which are discussed more fully immediately following this summary.

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the factors described below, in addition to those discussed elsewhere in this Report, in analyzing an investment in our common stock. If any of the events described below occurs, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would likely suffer, the trading price of our common stock could fall, and you could lose all or part of the money you paid for our common stock. Risks and uncertainties not known to us currently, or that may appear immaterial, also may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, the following risk factors and uncertainties could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected in our forward-looking statements, whether made in this Report or the other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), or our annual or quarterly reports to stockholders, future press releases, or orally, whether in presentations, responses to questions, or otherwise.

Risks Related to our Business

Global economic and market uncertainty may adversely impact our business and operating results.

Uncertain global economic conditions have in the past and may in the future adversely impact our business. The current uncertainty in the worldwide economic environment together with other unfavorable changes in economic conditions, such as higher inflation and interest rate increases currently being experienced or implemented by most developed economies, as well as recessions that have affected major countries, may negatively impact consumer confidence and spending, ultimately causing our customers to postpone purchases and may ultimately impact our profitability. Inflation and rapid fluctuations in inflation rates have had in the past, and may in the future have, negative effects on economies and financial markets. We could experience period-to-period fluctuations in operating results due to general industry or economic conditions and volatile or uncertain economic conditions can adversely impact our sales and profitability and make it difficult for us to accurately forecast and plan our future business activities. Furthermore, inflationary pressure and increases in interest rates may negatively impact revenue, earnings, and demand for our products. During challenging economic times, our current or potential future customers may experience cash flow problems and as a result may modify, delay, or cancel plans to purchase our products. Additionally, if our customers are not successful in generating sufficient revenue or are unable to secure financing, they may not be able to pay, or may delay payment of, accounts receivable that they owe us. Any inability of our current or potential future customers to pay us for our products may adversely affect our earnings and cash flow. Moreover, our key suppliers may reduce their output or become insolvent, thereby adversely impacting our ability to manufacture our products.

Uncertainty, volatility, and adverse changes in the global economy and financial markets, including those resulting from the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and other global conflicts, could have an adverse impact on our business and operating results.

Uncertainty, volatility, or adverse changes in the economy could lead to a significant decline in demand for the end products manufactured by our customers, which, in turn, could result in a decline in the demand for our products and increase pressure to reduce our prices. Any decrease in demand for our products could have an adverse impact on our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows. Uncertainty and adverse changes in the economy could also increase the cost and decrease the availability of potential

sources of financing and increase our exposure to losses from bad debts, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, operating results, and cash flows.

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine and in other global regions has contributed to volatility in the global economy and markets and ongoing geopolitical instability and is likely to have further global economic consequences, including ongoing disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets. The effects of the conflict have contributed to significant volatility in credit and capital markets, spikes in energy prices, changes in laws and regulations that may affect our business, sanctions or counter‑sanctions, and increased cybersecurity threats and concerns. As a result, there is a risk that supplies of our products may be significantly delayed by or may become unavailable as a result of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and in other global regions affecting us or our suppliers. The conflicts may, at times, reduce demand for our products because of reduced global or national economic activity, disruptions and extreme volatility in global financial markets, increased rates of default and bankruptcy, and reduced levels of business and consumer spending. The effects of these conflicts could heighten or exacerbate many of the risk factors described in this Item 1A, Risk Factors, and may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operation.

We have manufacturing facilities and serve customers outside the United States and are subject to the risks characteristic of international operations, including tariffs.

We have significant manufacturing operations in China, elsewhere in Asia and Canada and sales offices located in Asia and Europe. We continue to consider additional opportunities to make foreign investments and construct new foreign facilities.

In addition, for the year ended December 30, 2024, we generated approximately 47% of our net sales from non-U.S. operations, and a significant portion of our manufacturing material was provided by international suppliers during this period. The United States’ trade policies and those of foreign countries are subject to change which could adversely affect our ability to purchase and sell goods and materials without significant tariffs, taxes, or duties that may be imposed on the materials we purchase or the goods we sell, thereby increasing the cost of such materials and potentially decreasing our margins. Further, our revenues could be impacted if our customers’ ability to sell their goods is reduced by such tariffs, taxes, or duties. Both the U.S. and Chinese governments have included PCBs among items subjected to tariffs imposed on imports from such countries, which may negatively impact our revenue and profitability. In addition, we are subject to risks relating to significant international operations, including but not limited to:

Further, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and in other global regions described in the previous risk factor, and the effects thereof, may adversely affect our manufacturing facilities and our customers.

We are subject to risks of currency fluctuations.

A portion of our cash, other assets and liabilities is held in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Changes in exchange rates among other currencies and the U.S. dollar will affect the value of these assets or liabilities as re-measured to U.S. dollars on our balance sheet. To the extent that we ultimately decide to repatriate some portion of these funds to the United States, the actual value transferred could be impacted by movements in exchange rates. Any such type of movement could negatively impact the amount of cash available to fund operations or to repay debt. Additionally, we have revenues and costs denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar (primarily the Renminbi (RMB)). Fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the RMB could result in increases or decreases in our costs or revenues which could negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Significant inflation or disproportionate changes in foreign exchange rates could occur as a result of general economic conditions, acts of war or terrorism, changes in governmental monetary or tax policy, or changes in local interest rates. Further, China’s government imposes controls over the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies, which subjects us to further currency exchange risk.

We have a significant amount of goodwill and other intangible assets on our consolidated balance sheet. If our goodwill or other intangible assets become impaired in the future, we would be required to record a non-cash charge to earnings, which may be material and would also reduce our stockholders’ equity.

As of December 30, 2024, our consolidated balance sheet included $862.0 million of goodwill and definite-lived intangible assets. During the year ended December 30, 2024, we recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $32.6 million related to our RF and Specialty Components (RF&S Components) reportable segment. We periodically evaluate whether events and circumstances have occurred, such that the potential for reduced expectations for future cash flows coupled with further decline in the market price of our stock and market capitalization may indicate that the remaining balance of goodwill and definite-lived intangible assets may not be recoverable. If factors indicate that assets are impaired, we would be required to reduce the carrying value of our goodwill and definite-lived intangible assets, which could harm our results during the periods in which such a reduction is recognized.

We may not fully realize the anticipated positive impacts to future financial results from our restructuring efforts.

We previously announced plans to consolidate our integrated electronics facilities in Elizabeth City, North Carolina and Huntington, New York into existing facilities in order to improve efficiencies. As of the end of fiscal year 2024, the closure of Elizabeth City has been completed and the closure of Huntington is expected by the middle of 2025. If economic conditions deteriorate, we may not achieve the expected increase in overall profitability as a result of the consolidation. Our ability to achieve the anticipated cost savings and other benefits from our restructuring efforts within expected time frames is subject to many estimates and assumptions, and may vary materially based on factors such as market conditions and the effect of our restructuring efforts on our work force. These estimates and assumptions are subject to significant economic, competitive, and other uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. There can be no assurance that we will fully realize the anticipated positive impacts to future financial results from our current or future restructuring efforts. If our estimates and assumptions are incorrect or if other unforeseen events occur, we may not achieve the cost savings expected from such restructurings, and our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We depend on the U.S. federal government for a significant portion of our business, which involves unique risks. Changes in government defense spending or regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

A significant portion of our revenues is derived from products and services that are ultimately sold to the U.S. federal government by our OEM and EMS customers and is therefore affected by, among other things, the federal government budget process. We supply to defense prime companies, the U.S. federal government and its agencies, as well as foreign governments and agencies. The contracts between our direct customers and the government end-user are subject to political and budgetary constraints and processes, changes in short-range and long-range strategic plans, the timing of contract awards, the congressional budget authorization and appropriation processes, the government’s ability to terminate contracts for convenience or for default, as well as other risks, such as contractor suspension or debarment in the event of certain violations of legal and regulatory requirements.

For the year ended December 30, 2024, aerospace and defense sales accounted for approximately 46% of our total net sales. The substantial majority of aerospace and defense sales are related to both U.S. and U.S. federal government approved foreign military and defense programs. Consequently, our sales are affected by changes in the defense budgets of the U.S. and foreign governments and may be affected by federal budget sequestration measures.

The domestic and international threat of terrorist activity, emerging nuclear states, and conventional military threats have generally led to an increase in demand for defense products and services and homeland security solutions in the recent past. The

termination or failure to fund one or more significant defense programs or contracts by the U.S. federal government could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Future changes to the U.S. Munitions List could reduce or eliminate restrictions that currently apply to some of the products we produce. If these regulations or others are changed in a manner that reduces restrictions on products being manufactured overseas, we would likely face an increase in the number of competitors and increased price competition from overseas manufacturers, who are restricted by current import and export laws from manufacturing products for U.S. defense systems.

We rely on suppliers and equipment manufacturers for the timely delivery of raw materials, components, equipment, and spare parts used in manufacturing our PCBs. If a raw material supplier or equipment manufacturer goes bankrupt, liquidates, consolidates out of existence, experiences excess demands or other disruptions to their supply chain or operations, or otherwise fails to satisfy our product quality standards, or if the prices or availability of raw materials change, it could harm our ability to purchase new manufacturing equipment, service the equipment we have, or timely produce our products, thereby affecting our customer relationships.

To manufacture PCBs, we use raw materials such as laminated layers of fiberglass, copper foil, chemical solutions, gold, copper, and other commodity products, which we order from our suppliers. For Hybrid Microelectronics and radio frequency (RF) components, we use various high-performance materials such as Rad Hard & Space active components, Silicon transistors, insulated‑gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), field-effect transistors (FETs), Signal & Zener diodes, magnets, inductors, coils, beryllium oxide (BeO), and silicon nitride (SiN) substrates, as well as ceramics and printed circuit board materials. In the case of backplane assemblies, components include connectors, sheet metal, capacitors, resistors, and diodes, many of which are custom made and controlled by our customers’ approved vendors. For our Radar, Communication, and Surveillance systems, we use highly sophisticated electronic assemblies including Transmitter and Receiver CCA’s/Modules, Traveling Wave Tube Assemblies, Exciters, Wave Form Generators, and Frequency Generators which are specifically designed for their application.

Our success is due in part to our ability to deliver products timely to our customers, which requires successful planning and logistics infrastructure, including, ordering, transportation and receipt processing, and the ability of suppliers to meet our materials requirements.

Consolidations and restructuring in our supplier base and equipment fabricators related to our raw materials purchases or the manufacturing equipment we use to fabricate our products may result in adverse changes in pricing of materials due to reduction in competition among our raw material suppliers or an elimination or shortage of equipment and spare parts from our manufacturing equipment supply base. Suppliers and equipment manufacturers may be impacted by other events outside our control including macroeconomic events, financial instability, environmental occurrences, or supplier interruptions due to fire, natural catastrophes, public health crises or otherwise. Several of these factors have contributed to supply chain constraints we continue to experience. As a result, suppliers and equipment manufacturers have extended lead times, limited supplies, and/or increased prices due to capacity constraints and other factors. These have impacted our ability to deliver our products on a timely basis, our inventory levels and cash flow, and could negatively impact our financial results. The severity of the constraints in the supply chain is continuously changing, which creates substantial uncertainties in our business. In addition, in extreme circumstances, the suppliers we purchase from could cease production altogether due to a fire, natural disaster, consolidation, or liquidation of their businesses. The supply chain constraints and other factors discussed above may continue to impact our ability to deliver our products on a timely basis, harm our customer relationships and negatively impact our financial results.

In particular, the ongoing macroeconomic conditions, including the inflationary environment, have increased the cost of our raw materials and components. If raw material and component prices remain elevated and the cost of the metals that we use to produce our product, especially if the prices of copper, gold, tin, palladium, and other precious metals we use to manufacture our products remain elevated or otherwise continue to increase, it may reduce our gross margins. Should the supply of materials used in the above manufacturing processes become limited, our ability to obtain the quantities necessary to meet our customers’ demand may be impacted which could cause us to encounter reduced revenue levels or price increases which would impact our profit margins. If either of these situations occurs, our financial condition and results of operations could be negatively impacted.

If we are unable to maintain satisfactory capacity utilization rates, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.

Given the high fixed costs of our operations, decreases in capacity utilization rates can have a significant effect on our business. Accordingly, our ability to maintain or enhance gross margins will continue to depend, in part, on maintaining satisfactory capacity utilization rates. In turn, our ability to maintain satisfactory capacity utilization will depend on the demand for our products, the volume of orders we receive, our ability to maintain a sufficient workforce at our facilities, and our ability to offer products that meet our customers’ requirements at competitive prices. If current or future production capacity fails to match current or future customer demands, our facilities would be underutilized, our sales may not fully cover our fixed overhead expenses, and we would be less likely to achieve expected gross margins. If forecasts and assumptions used to support the realizability of our long-lived assets change in the future, significant impairment charges could result that would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, we generally schedule our quick turnaround production facilities at less than full capacity to retain our ability to respond to unexpected additional quick-turn orders. However, if these orders are not received, we may forego some production and could experience continued excess capacity. If we conclude we have significant, long-term excess capacity, we may decide to permanently close one or more of our facilities and lay off some of our employees. Closures or lay-offs could result in our recording of restructuring charges such as severance, other exit costs, and asset impairments, as well as potentially causing disruptions in our ability to supply customers.

Our results of operations are often subject to demand fluctuations and seasonality. With a high level of fixed operating costs, even small revenue shortfalls would decrease our operating margins.

Our results of operations fluctuate for a variety of reasons, including:

A significant portion of our operating expenses are relatively fixed in nature, and planned expenditures are based in part on anticipated orders. Accordingly, unexpected revenue shortfalls may decrease our operating margins. In addition, we have experienced sales fluctuations due to seasonal patterns in the capital budgeting and purchasing cycles, as well as inventory management practices of our customers and the end markets we serve. These seasonal trends have caused fluctuations in our operating results in the past and may continue to do so in the future. Results of operations in any period should not be considered indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period. In addition, our future quarterly operating results may fluctuate and may not meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors.

We participate in competitive industries, including the automotive industry, which requires strict quality control standards. Failure to meet these standards may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our customer base demands the highest customer service, on time delivery and quality standards in a competitive market. Failure to meet these ever-increasing standards may result in a loss of market share for our products and services to our competitors, which may result in a decline in our overall revenue. For example, a significant portion of our sales are to customers within the automotive industry, which has historically experienced multi-year cycles of growth and decline. If sales of automobiles should decline or go into a cyclical downturn, our sales could decline, and this could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and result of operations. For safety reasons, automotive customers have strict quality standards that generally exceed the quality requirements of other customers. If such products do not meet these quality standards, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. These automotive customers may require long periods of time to evaluate whether our manufacturing processes and facilities meet their quality standards. If we were to lose automotive customers due to quality control issues, we might not be able to regain those customers or gain new automotive customers for long periods of time, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Moreover, we may be required under our contracts with automotive industry customers to indemnify them for the cost of warranties and recalls relating to our products.

We depend upon a relatively small number of OEM customers for a large portion of our sales, and a decline in sales to major customers would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

A small number of customers are responsible for a significant portion of our sales. Our five largest OEM customers collectively accounted for approximately 42%, 41%, and 33% of our net sales for the years ended December 30, 2024, January 1, 2024, and January 2, 2023, respectively, and one customer represented 11% of our net sales for the year ended December 30, 2024. Furthermore, our business has benefited from OEMs deciding to outsource their PCB and Integrated Electronics manufacturing needs to us, and our future revenue growth partially depends on new outsourcing opportunities from OEMs. Sales attributed to OEMs include both direct sales as well as sales that the OEMs place through EMS providers. Our customer concentration could fluctuate, depending on future customer requirements, which will depend in large part on market conditions in the electronics industry segments in which our customers participate. The loss of one or more significant customers or a decline in sales to our significant customers would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, we generate significant accounts receivable in connection with providing manufacturing services to our customers. If one or more of our significant customers were to become insolvent or were otherwise unable to pay for the manufacturing services provided by us, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.

In addition, during industry downturns, we may need to reduce prices to limit the level of order losses, and we may be unable to collect payments from our customers. There can be no assurance that key customers would not cancel orders, that they would continue to place orders with us in the future at the same levels as experienced by us in prior periods, that they would be able to meet their

payment obligations, or that the end-products that use our products would be successful. This concentration of customer base may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations due to the loss or cancellation of business from any of these key customers, significant changes in scheduled deliveries to any of these customers, or decreases in the prices of the products sold to any of these customers.

Competition in the PCB market is intense, and we could lose market share, or our profit margins may decrease, if we are unable to maintain our current competitive position in end markets using our quick-turn, high-technology, and high-mix manufacturing services.

The PCB industry is intensely competitive, highly fragmented, and rapidly changing. We expect competition to continue, which could result in price reductions, reduced gross margins, and loss of market share. In addition, we increasingly compete on an international basis, and new and emerging technologies may result in new competitors entering our markets.

Some of our competitors and potential competitors have advantages over us, including:

In addition, these competitors may respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies or adapt more quickly to changes in customer requirements than we do. We must continually develop improved manufacturing processes to meet our customers’ needs for complex products, and our manufacturing process technology is generally not subject to significant proprietary protection. During recessionary periods in the electronics industry, our strategy of providing quick-turn services, an integrated manufacturing solution, and responsive customer service may take on reduced importance to our customers. As a result, we may need to compete more on the basis of price, which would cause our gross margins to decline.

We and some of our competitors have reduced average selling prices in the past. In addition, competitors may reduce their average selling prices faster than our ability to reduce costs, which can also accelerate the rate of decline of our selling prices. When prices decline, we may also be required to write down the value of our inventory. In addition, we could yield lower or no profit from the sale of our products if we price our products aggressively in response to market conditions.

If we are unable to adapt our design and production processes in response to rapid technological change and process development, we may not be able to compete effectively.

The markets for our products and manufacturing services are characterized by rapidly changing technology and continual implementation of new designs and production processes. The future success of our business will depend in large part upon our ability to maintain and enhance our technological capabilities, to design and manufacture products that meet changing customer needs, and to successfully anticipate or respond to technological changes on a cost-effective and timely basis. We expect that the investment necessary to maintain our technological position will increase as customers make demands for products and services requiring more advanced technology on a quicker turnaround basis. For example, in our PCB segment, we expect to continue to make capital expenditures to expand our High Density Interconnect (HDI), RF technology, and other advanced manufacturing capabilities while in our RF&S Components segment, we are designing products that we hope our customers adopt and incorporate into their products. We may not be able to obtain access to additional sources of funds in order to respond to technological changes as quickly as our competitors. In addition, our failure to adopt and implement technological improvements quickly may cause inefficiencies in our production process as our product yields or quality may decrease, resulting in increased costs, and may lead to customers not adopting our product designs.

We also could encounter competition from new or revised manufacturing, production, and design technologies that render existing manufacturing, production, and design technology less competitive or obsolete. We may not respond effectively to the technological requirements of the changing market. If we need new technologies and equipment or if we are not able to design new products acceptable to customers to remain competitive, the development, acquisition, and implementation of those designs, technologies, and equipment may require us to make significant capital investments.

New emerging technology trends, such as artificial intelligence (AI), require us to keep pace with evolving regulations and industry standards. In the United States, there are various current and proposed regulatory frameworks relating to the use of AI in

products and services. We expect that the legal and regulatory environment relating to emerging technologies such as AI will continue to develop and could increase the cost of doing business, and create compliance risks and potential liability, all which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Governments are also considering the new issues in intellectual property law that AI creates, which could result in different intellectual property rights in technology we create with AI and development processes and procedures and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Products we manufacture may contain design or manufacturing defects, which could result in reduced revenue from the sale of our products or services and may result in liability claims against us.

We manufacture products to our customers’ specifications, which are highly complex and may contain design or manufacturing errors or failures, despite our quality control and quality assurance efforts. Defects in the products we manufacture, whether caused by a design, manufacturing, or materials failure or error, may result in delayed shipments, customer dissatisfaction, a reduction or cancellation of purchase orders, or liability claims against us. If these defects occur either in large quantities or too frequently, our business reputation may be impaired, and our customers may decrease the orders for products or services that they purchase from us, thereby decreasing our overall revenue. Since our products are used in products that are integral to our customers’ businesses, errors, defects, or other performance problems could result in financial or other damages to our customers beyond the cost of the PCB, for which we may be liable. Although our invoices and sales arrangements generally contain provisions designed to limit our exposure to product liability and related claims, existing or future laws or unfavorable judicial decisions could negate these limitation of liability provisions. If any of our products are or are alleged to be defective, we may be required to participate in a recall of such products, particularly with respect to our products for automotive customers. As suppliers become more integral to the vehicle design process and assume more of the vehicle assembly functions, vehicle manufacturers are increasingly looking to their suppliers for contributions when faced with product liability claims or recalls. In addition, vehicle manufacturers, which have traditionally borne the costs associated with warranty programs offered on their vehicles, are increasingly requiring suppliers to guarantee or warrant their products and may seek to hold us responsible for some or all of the costs related to the repair and replacement of parts supplied by us to the vehicle manufacturer.

Damage to any of our manufacturing facilities due to fire, natural disaster, or other events could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The destruction or closure of any of our facilities for a significant period of time as a result of fire, explosion, blizzard, act of war or terrorism, flood, tornado, earthquake, lightning, other natural disasters, required maintenance, or other events could harm us financially, increasing our costs of doing business and limiting our ability to deliver our manufacturing services on a timely basis.

Our insurance coverage with respect to damages to our facilities or our customers’ products caused by natural disasters is limited and is subject to deductibles and coverage limits. Such coverage may not be adequate or continue to be available at commercially reasonable rates and terms.

In the event one or more of our facilities is closed on a temporary or permanent basis as a result of a natural disaster, required maintenance or other event, our operations could be significantly disrupted. Such events could delay or prevent product manufacturing and shipment for the time required to transfer production or repair, rebuild, or replace the affected manufacturing facilities. This time frame could be lengthy and result in significant expenses for repair and related costs. While we have disaster recovery plans in place, there can be no assurance that such plans will be sufficient to allow our operations to continue in the event of every natural or man‑made disaster, required repair, or other extraordinary event. Any extended inability to continue our operations at unaffected facilities following such an event would reduce our revenue and potentially damage our reputation as a reliable supplier.

The prominence of EMS companies as our customers could reduce our gross margins, potential sales, and customers.

Sales to EMS companies represented approximately 28%, 31%, and 37% of our net sales for the years ended December 30, 2024, January 1, 2024, and January 2, 2023, respectively. Sales to EMS providers include sales directed by OEMs as well as orders placed with us at the EMS providers’ discretion. EMS providers source on a global basis to a greater extent than OEMs. The growth of EMS providers increases the purchasing power of such providers and has in the past, and could in the future, result in increased price competition or the loss of existing OEM customers. In addition, some EMS providers, including some of our customers, have the ability to directly manufacture PCBs and create backplane assemblies. If a significant number of our other EMS customers were to acquire these abilities, our customer base might shrink, and our sales might decline substantially. Moreover, if any of our OEM customers outsource the production of PCBs and creation of backplane assemblies to these EMS providers, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

The worldwide electronics industry is intensely competitive and volatile.

A majority of our revenue is generated from the electronics industry, which is characterized by intense competition, relatively short product life cycles, and significant fluctuations in product demand. The industry is subject to economic cycles and recessionary periods. Due to the uncertainty in the end markets served by most of our customers, we have a low level of visibility with respect to future financial results. Consequently, our past operating results, earnings, and cash flows may not be indicative of our future operating results, earnings, and cash flows.

We serve customers and have manufacturing facilities throughout the world and are subject to risks caused by local and global pandemics and other similar risks, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Local and global pandemics or other disasters or public health concerns in regions of the world where we have operations or source material or sell products could result in the disruption of our business. Specifically, these pandemics, disasters and health concerns can result in increased travel restrictions and extended shutdowns of certain businesses in the regions in which we operate, as well as social, economic, or labor instability. Disruptions in our product shipments or impacts on our manufacturing in affected regions over a prolonged period could have a material adverse impact on our business and our financial results.

In particular, multiple facets of our business may be negatively impacted by the fear of exposure to or actual effects of disease outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, and similar widespread public health concerns. These impacts include but are not limited to:

Any of the foregoing factors, or other cascading effects that are not currently foreseeable, could materially increase our costs, negatively impact our sales, or damage the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and its liquidity position, possibly to a significant degree. The duration of any such impacts cannot be predicted.

We have pursued and intend to continue to pursue potential divestitures of assets and acquisitions of other businesses and may encounter risks associated with these activities, which could harm our business and operating results. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

As part of our business strategy, we expect that we will continue to implement and align our strategy by pursuing potential divestitures of assets, such as our sale of Shanghai Backplane Assembly, and acquisitions of businesses, technologies, assets, or product lines that complement or expand our business, such as our acquisition of Gritel Holding Co., Inc. (Gritel) and ISC Farmingdale Corp. in 2022. Telephonics Corporation is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of TTM by way of our acquisition of Gritel, the Telephonics direct parent company.

Acquisitions of high technology companies and assets are inherently risky, and no assurance can be given that our prior or future acquisitions will be successful. Failure to manage and successfully integrate acquisitions we make could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Even when an acquired company has already developed and marketed products, product enhancements may not be made in a timely fashion. In addition, unforeseen issues might arise with respect to such products after any such acquisition.

As we continue to experience growth in the scope and complexity of our operations, we may be required to implement additional operating and financial controls and hire and train additional personnel. There can be no assurance that we will be able to do so in the future, and failure to do so could jeopardize our expansion plans and seriously harm our operations. In addition, growth in our capacity could result in reduced capacity utilization and a corresponding decrease in gross margins.

We are exposed to the credit risk of our customers and to credit exposures in weakened markets.

Most of our sales are on an “open credit” basis, with standard industry payment terms. We monitor individual customer payment capability in granting such open credit arrangements, seek to limit such open credit to amounts we believe the customers can pay, and maintain reserves we believe are adequate to cover exposure for doubtful accounts. During periods of economic downturn in the electronics industry and the global economy, our exposure to credit risks from our customers increases. Although we have programs in place to monitor and mitigate the associated risks, such programs may not be effective in reducing our credit risks.

Additionally, our OEM customers often direct a significant portion of their purchases through a relatively limited number of EMS companies. Our contractual relationship is often with the EMS companies, who are obligated to pay us for our products. Because we expect our OEM customers to continue to direct our sales to EMS companies, we expect to continue to be subject to this credit risk

with a limited number of EMS customers. If one or more of our significant customers were to become insolvent or were otherwise unable to pay us, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be materially adversely affected.

Rising labor costs and labor shortages, including due to pandemics and other disasters, employee strikes, and other labor‑related disruptions may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our business is labor intensive, utilizing large numbers of engineering and manufacturing personnel. There is uncertainty with respect to rising labor costs and ongoing labor shortages. Furthermore, labor disputes and strikes based partly on wages have in the past slowed or stopped production by certain manufacturers in China. In some cases, employers have responded by significantly increasing the wages of workers at such plants. Any increase in labor costs due to minimum wage laws or customer requirements about scheduling and overtime that we are unable to recover in our pricing to our customers could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, general labor shortages, a high turnover rate, and our difficulty in recruiting and retaining qualified employees at any level of our organization could result in a potential for defects in our products, production disruptions or delays, or the inability to ramp production to meet increased customer orders, resulting in order cancellation or imposition of customer penalties if we are unable to deliver products in a timely manner.

To respond to competitive pressures and customer requirements, we may further expand both domestically and internationally. If we pursue such expansions, we may be required to make additional capital expenditures. For instance, we have commenced construction of our new proposed advanced technology PCB manufacturing facility in Syracuse, New York. Phase one of the proposed project, including capital for campus-wide improvements is estimated to be $100.0 million to $130.0 million. In addition, the cost structure in certain regions or countries that are now considered to be favorable may increase as economies develop, causing local wages to rise. As a result, we may need to continue to seek new locations with lower costs and the employee and infrastructure base to support PCB manufacturing and we may lose business in our existing facilities as a result of such potential shifts in the market. We cannot assure investors that we will realize the anticipated strategic benefits of our new locations, or that such locations will contribute positively to our operating results.

In North America, we are experiencing wage inflation pressures, as a result of labor shortages, and certain pressures which are also mandated by local and state governments. Further, we are experiencing rising health care costs. While we strive to manage these challenges, there can be no assurance that our efforts will succeed which would result in higher costs and lower profits. The competition for talent and labor in North America and in general is currently high. In this competitive environment, our business could be adversely impacted by increases in labor costs, which could include increases in wages and benefits necessary to attract and retain high-quality employees with the right skill sets, increases triggered by regulatory actions regarding wages, scheduling, and benefits; and increases in health care and workers’ compensation insurance costs. In light of the current challenging labor market conditions, our wages and benefits programs and any steps we take to increase our wages and benefits, may be insufficient to attract and retain talent at all levels of our organization. Existing labor shortages, and our inability to attract employees to maintain a qualified workforce, could adversely affect our production and our overall business and financial performance.

Strikes or labor disputes with our unionized employees, primarily in China, may adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. If we are unable to reach agreement with any of our unionized work groups on future negotiations regarding the terms of their collective bargaining agreements, we may be subject to work interruptions or stoppages. Any of these events could be disruptive to our operations and could result in negative publicity, loss of contracts, and a decrease in revenues. We may also become subject to additional collective bargaining agreements in the future if more employees or segments of our workforce become unionized, including any of our employees in the United States.

We may be unable to hire and retain sufficient qualified personnel at all levels of our organization, and the loss of any of our key executive officers, or the inability to maintain a sufficient workforce to satisfy production demands, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We believe that our future success will depend in large part on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled, knowledgeable, sophisticated, and qualified managerial and professional personnel. Furthermore, we have limited patent or trade secret protection for our manufacturing processes and rely on the collective experience of our employees involved in our manufacturing processes to ensure that we continuously evaluate and adopt new technologies in our industry. We may not be able to retain our executive officers and key personnel or attract additional qualified management in the future. We can make no assurances that future changes in executive management will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Our business also depends on our continuing ability to recruit, train, and retain highly qualified employees, particularly engineering and sales and marketing personnel. The competition for these employees is intense, and the loss of these employees could harm our business.

In addition, our industry continues to experience a shortage of workers, which may prove to be systemic. We rely on maintaining a sufficient workforce at all levels of our organization to design, manufacture, and distribute our products. If the labor markets remain tight and we are unable to adequately staff our facilities due to a shortage of qualified workers, our operations and financial performance would likely be adversely affected.

Our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected by initiatives aimed at addressing potential climate change risks.

Our manufacturing processes require that we purchase significant quantities of energy from third parties, which results in the generation of greenhouse gases, either directly on-site or indirectly at electric utilities. Both domestic and international legislation to address the risks posed by potential climate change impacts, and the potential required disclosures of those risks, including by reducing greenhouse gas emissions could create increases in energy costs and price volatility. Considerable international attention is now focused on development of an international policy framework to guide international action to address risks posed by projected climate change. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), and regulators are considering new regulations which are expected to require, among other things, that we report our climate-related costs and activities and our customers and suppliers. Such regulations could cause us to incur significant costs to monitor and report, which would have negative impact on our profitability. Proposed and existing legislative efforts to control or limit greenhouse gas emissions could affect our energy sources and supply choices, as well as increase the cost of energy and raw materials that are derived from sources that generate greenhouse gas emissions.

Infringement of our intellectual property rights could negatively affect us, and we may be exposed to intellectual property infringement claims from third parties that could be costly to defend, could divert management’s attention and resources, and if successful, could result in liability.

We rely on a combination of copyright, patent, trademark, trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures, contractual provisions, and other measures to establish and protect our proprietary and confidential information. All of these measures afford only limited protection. These measures may be invalidated, circumvented, breached, or challenged, and others may develop intellectual property, technologies, or processes that are similar, or superior to, our intellectual property or technology. We may not have adequate controls and procedures in place to protect our proprietary and confidential information. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy and succeed in copying our products or may obtain or use information that we regard as proprietary or confidential. If it becomes necessary for us to resort to litigation to protect our intellectual property rights, any proceedings could be burdensome, costly, and distracting to management, and we may not prevail. Further, adequate remedies may not be available in the event of an unauthorized use or disclosure of our proprietary or confidential information. Failure to successfully establish or enforce our intellectual property rights could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Furthermore, there is a risk that we may infringe on the intellectual property rights of others. As is the case with many other companies in the PCB industry, we from time to time receive communications from third parties asserting patent rights over our products and enter into discussions with such third parties. Irrespective of the validity or the successful assertion of such claims, we could incur costs in either defending or settling any intellectual property disputes alleging infringement. If any claims, regardless of whether they have merit, are brought against our customers for such infringement, we could be required to expend significant resources in defending such claims, developing non-infringing alternatives, or obtaining licenses. We may not be successful in developing such alternatives or in obtaining such licenses on reasonable terms, or at all, and may be required to modify or cease marketing our products or services, which could disrupt the production processes, damage our reputation, and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Foreign laws may not afford us sufficient protections for our intellectual property, and we may not be able to obtain patent protection outside of the United States.

Certain nations in which we operate may not grant us certain intellectual property rights that are customarily granted in more developed legal systems. Patent law reform in the United States and other countries may also weaken our ability to enforce our patent rights or make such enforcement financially unattractive. For example, despite continuing international pressure on the Chinese government, intellectual property rights protection continues to present significant challenges to foreign investors and, increasingly, Chinese companies. Chinese commercial law is considered by some to be relatively undeveloped compared to the commercial law in our other major markets and only limited protection of intellectual property is available in China as a practical matter. Although we have taken precautions in the operations of our Chinese subsidiaries and in our joint venture agreement to protect our intellectual property, any local design or manufacture of products that we undertake in China could subject us to an increased risk that unauthorized parties will be able to copy or otherwise obtain or use our intellectual property, which could harm our business. We may also have limited legal recourse in the event we encounter patent or trademark infringement. Uncertainties with respect to the Chinese legal system may adversely affect the operations of our Chinese subsidiaries. China has put in place a comprehensive system of intellectual property laws; however, incidents of infringement are relatively common, and enforcement of rights can, in practice, be difficult. If we are unable to manage our intellectual property rights, our business and operating results may be seriously harmed.

Risks Related to our Indebtedness

We have substantial outstanding indebtedness, and our outstanding indebtedness could adversely impact our liquidity and flexibility in obtaining additional financing, our ability to fulfill our debt obligations, and our financial condition and results of operations.

We have substantial debt and, as a result, we have significant debt service obligations. We and a number of our direct and indirect subsidiaries also have various credit facilities and letters of credit. Such agreements also contain certain financial covenants which require us to maintain, under the occurrence of certain events, a consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio.

Subject to the limits contained in the credit agreements governing the Term Loan Facility due 2030 (Term Loan Facility), the U.S. Asset-Based Lending Credit Agreement (U.S. ABL), the Asia Asset-Based Lending Credit Agreement (Asia ABL), the indenture governing the Senior Notes due 2029, and our other debt instruments, we may be able to incur substantial additional debt from time to time to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments, or acquisitions, or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to our high level of debt could intensify. Specifically, our high level of debt could have important consequences to us and our shareholders. For example, it could:

In addition, the indenture governing the Senior Notes due 2029 and the credit agreements governing the Term Loan Facility, the U.S. ABL, and the Asia ABL contain restrictive covenants that limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interest. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of all our debt.

Furthermore, we and our subsidiaries may decide to incur significant additional indebtedness in the future. Although the indenture governing the Senior Notes due 2029, and the credit agreements governing the Term Loan Facility, the U.S. ABL, and the Asia ABL will contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and the additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions also will not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Our Term Loan Facility and our Asia ABL are subject to interest at a floating rate of Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus a margin, and as a result, we have exposure to interest rate risk. Certain central banks, such as the U.S. Federal Reserve, effected multiple interest rate increases in recent years. Increases in interest rates increase our cost of borrowing and/or potentially make it more difficult to refinance our existing indebtedness, if necessary. We endeavored to mitigate this risk by entering into a four‑year pay-fixed, receive-floating (1-month Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) Term SOFR) interest rate swap arrangement in March 2023. The swap has a notional amount of $250.0 million for the period beginning April 1, 2023 and ending on April 1, 2027. Under the terms of the interest rate swap, we pay a fixed rate of 3.49% against the first interest payments of a portion of our Term SOFR-based debt and receive floating 1-month CME Term SOFR during the swap period. Although we have taken measures to mitigate our risk to interest rate increases, our swap instruments may not be wholly effective in mitigating this risk or otherwise provide an effective hedge against all interest rate volatility. See Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk and Interest Rate Risks appearing in Part II, Item 7A of this Report for further information.

Servicing our debt requires a significant amount of cash and we may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our debt and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our debt, which may not be successful.

Based on certain parameters defined in the Term Loan Facility, including a Secured Leverage Ratio, we may be required to make an additional principal payment on an annual basis if our Secured Leverage Ratio is greater than 2.0.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our debt obligations and to fund planned capital expenditures and expansion efforts depends on our ability to generate cash in the future and our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain regulatory, competitive, financial, business, and other factors beyond our control.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional capital (which could include obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or highly dilutive) or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to affect any such alternative measures, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. The credit agreements governing the Term Loan Facility, the U.S. ABL, the Asia ABL, and the indenture governing the Senior Notes due 2029 restrict our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from those dispositions and may also restrict our ability to raise debt or equity capital to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due.

In addition, we conduct certain of our operations through our subsidiaries. Accordingly, repayment of our indebtedness may be dependent on the generation of cash flow by our subsidiaries and their ability to make such cash available to us, by dividend, debt repayment or otherwise. Unless they are guarantors of the Senior Notes due 2029 or our other indebtedness, our subsidiaries do not have any obligation to pay amounts due on our indebtedness or to make funds available for that purpose. Our subsidiaries may not be able to, or may not be permitted to, make distributions to enable us to make payments in respect of our indebtedness. Each subsidiary is a distinct legal entity, and under certain circumstances, legal and contractual restrictions may limit our ability to obtain cash from our subsidiaries. While the indenture governing the Senior Notes due 2029 and the credit agreements governing the Term Loan Facility, the U.S. ABL, and the Asia ABL limit the ability of our subsidiaries to incur consensual restrictions on their ability to pay dividends or make other intercompany payments to us, these limitations are subject to qualifications and exceptions. In the event that we do not receive distributions from our subsidiaries, we may be unable to make required principal and interest payments on our indebtedness.

Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would materially and adversely affect our financial position and results of operations and our ability to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness.

If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default and holders of the Senior Notes due 2029 could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable, the lenders under the Term Loan Facility, the U.S. ABL, and the Asia ABL could terminate their commitments to loan money, the lenders could foreclose against the assets securing their borrowings and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

Regulatory Risks

We are subject to the requirements of the NISPOM for our facility security clearance, which is a prerequisite to our ability to perform on classified contracts for the U.S. government.

A facility security clearance is required in order to be awarded and perform on classified contracts for the Department of Defense and certain other agencies of the U.S. government. As a cleared entity, we must comply with the requirements of the NISPOM, and any other applicable U.S. government industrial security regulations. Further, our Board has adopted a Special Board Resolution (SBR) that has been approved by the Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (DCSA) that requires the Company to adopt certain corporate constructs, policies, and procedures.

If we were to violate the terms and requirements of the SBR, the NISPOM, or any other applicable U.S. government industrial security regulations (which may apply to us under the terms of classified contracts), we could lose our security clearance. We cannot be certain that we will be able to maintain our security clearance. If for some reason our security clearance is invalidated or terminated, we may not be able to continue to perform on classified contracts and would not be able to enter into new classified contracts, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our operations in Asia subject us to risks and uncertainties relating to the local laws and regulations and adverse effects of political tensions that arise from time to time with China.

The government of China is adopting evolving policies regarding foreign and domestic trade. No assurance can be given that the government of China will continue to pursue policies that allow for open trade with foreign countries, that such policies will be successful if pursued, or that such policies will not be significantly altered from time to time, particularly in light of the trade and travel restrictions that the United States and China have implemented in recent years. Despite progress in developing its legal system, certain countries in Asia do not have a comprehensive and highly developed system of laws, particularly with respect to foreign investment

activities and foreign trade. Enforcement of existing and future laws and contracts is uncertain, and implementation and interpretation thereof may be inconsistent. As the legal system develop, the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws, and the preemption of local regulations by national laws may adversely affect foreign investors. Further, any litigation may be protracted and may result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management’s attention. Also, the evolving landscape of the interrelation between China and Hong Kong may have an adverse impact on our operations in Hong Kong and may impact our ability to attract and maintain necessary talent in that area. In addition, though changes in government policies and rules are timely published or communicated, there is usually no indication of the duration of any grace period before which full implementation and compliance will be required. As a result, it is possible that we might operate our business in violation of new rules and policies before full compliance can be achieved. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us and adversely impact our results of operations.

Our failure to comply with the requirements of environmental laws could result in litigation, fines, revocation of permits necessary to our manufacturing processes, or debarment from our participation in federal government contracts.

Our operations are regulated under a number of domestic and foreign environmental and safety laws and regulations that govern, among other things, the discharge of hazardous materials into the air and water, as well as the handling, storage, recycling, and disposal of such materials. These laws and regulations include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act, and the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act, as well as analogous state, local, and foreign laws. Compliance with these environmental laws is a major consideration for us because our manufacturing processes use and generate materials classified as hazardous. Because we use hazardous materials and generate hazardous wastes in our manufacturing processes, we may be subject to potential financial liability for costs associated with the investigation and remediation of our own sites, or sites at which we have arranged for the disposal of hazardous wastes, if such sites become contaminated. Even if we fully comply with applicable environmental laws and are not directly at fault for the contamination, we may still be liable. The wastes we generate include spent ammoniacal and cupric etching solutions, metal stripping solutions, waste acid solutions, waste alkaline cleaners, waste oil, and waste waters that contain heavy metals such as copper, tin, lead, nickel, gold, silver, cyanide, and fluoride, and both filter cake and spent ion exchange resins from equipment used for on-site waste treatment.

Environmental law violations, including the failure to maintain required environmental permits, could subject us to fines, penalties, and other sanctions, including the revocation of our effluent discharge permits. This could require us to cease or limit production at one or more of our facilities and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Even if we ultimately prevail, environmental lawsuits against us would be time consuming and costly to defend.

Environmental laws have generally become more stringent, and we expect this trend to continue over time, especially in developing countries, imposing greater compliance costs, and increasing risks and penalties associated with violation. We operate in environmentally sensitive locations, and we are subject to potentially conflicting and changing regulatory agendas of political, business, and environmental groups. Changes or restrictions on discharge limits, emissions levels, material storage, handling, or disposal might require a high level of unplanned capital investment or relocation to another global location where prohibitive regulations do not exist. It is possible that environmental compliance costs and penalties from new or existing regulations may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are increasingly required to certify compliance with various material content restrictions in our products based on laws of various jurisdictions or territories such as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) directives in the European Union and China’s RoHS legislation. Similar laws have been adopted in other jurisdictions and may become increasingly prevalent. In addition, we must also certify as to the non‑applicability of the EU’s Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment directive for certain products that we manufacture. The REACH directive requires the identification of Substances of Very High Concern (SVHCs) periodically. We must survey our supply chain and certify to the non‑presence or presence of SVHCs to our customers. As with other types of product certifications that we routinely provide, we may incur liability and pay damages if our products do not conform to our certifications.

We are also subject to an increasing variety of environmental laws and regulations in China, which impose limitations on the discharge of pollutants into the air and water and establish standards for the treatment, storage, and disposal of solid and hazardous wastes for us and our vendors that assist us in managing the waste generated by our manufacturing processes. The manufacturing of our products generates gaseous chemical wastes, liquid wastes, wastewater, and other industrial wastes from various stages of the manufacturing process. Production sites, waste collectors, and vendors in China are subject to increasing regulation and periodic monitoring by the relevant environmental protection authorities. Environmental claims or the failure to comply with current or future regulations could result in the assessment of damages or imposition of fines against us, suspension of production, or cessation of operations.

The process to manufacture PCBs and our other products requires adherence to city, county, state, federal, and foreign environmental laws and regulations regarding the storage, use, handling, and disposal of chemicals, solid wastes, and other hazardous materials, as well as compliance with wastewater and air quality standards. We rely on our vendors for the transportation and disposal of our solid and hazardous wastes generated by our manufacturing processes. If we are not able to find such services, our ability to conduct our business and our results of operations may be adversely impacted. In Asia, the government has a history of changing legal

requirements with no or minimal notice. We believe that our facilities in Asia comply in all material respects with current applicable environmental laws and regulations and have resources in place to maintain compliance to them. The capital expenditure costs expected for environmental improvement initiatives are included in our annual capital expenditure projections.

Our international sales are subject to laws and regulations relating to corrupt practices, trade and export controls, and economic sanctions. Any non-compliance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We operate on a global basis and are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-kickback laws and regulations, including restrictions imposed by the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). The FCPA and similar anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti‑kickback laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries and agents from making improper payments to government officials or any other persons for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We operate and sell our products in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree and, in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-kickback laws may conflict with local customs and practices. We also, from time to time, undertake business ventures with state-owned companies or enterprises.

Our global business operations must also comply with all applicable domestic and foreign export control laws, including International Traffic In Arms Regulations (ITAR) and Export Administration Regulations (EAR). Some items we manufacture are controlled for export by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security under EAR.

We train our employees concerning anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-kickback laws and compliance with international regulations regarding trades and exports, and we have policies in place that prohibit employees from making improper payments. We cannot provide assurances that our internal controls and procedures will guarantee compliance by our employees or third parties with whom we work. If we are found to be liable for violations of the FCPA or similar anti-corruption, anti-bribery, or anti-kickback laws in international jurisdictions or for violations of ITAR, EAR, or other similar regulations regarding trades and exports, either due to our own acts or out of inadvertence, or due to the inadvertence of others, we could suffer criminal or civil fines or penalties or other repercussions, including reputational harm, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our global business operations also must be conducted in compliance with applicable economic sanction laws and regulations, such as laws administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Asset Control, the U.S. State Department, and the U.S. Department of Commerce. We must comply with all applicable economic sanction laws and regulations of the United States and other countries. Imposition of economic sanction laws and regulations on a company or country could impact our revenue levels. Violations of these laws or regulations could result in significant additional sanctions including criminal or civil fines or penalties, more onerous compliance requirements, more extensive debarments from export privileges, or loss of authorizations needed to conduct aspects of our international business.

In certain countries, we may engage third-party agents or intermediaries, such as customs agents, to act on our behalf, and if these third-party agents or intermediaries violate applicable laws, their actions may result in criminal or civil fines or penalties or other sanctions being assessed against us. We take specific measures designed to ensure our compliance with U.S. export and economic sanctions laws, anti-corruption laws and regulations, and export control laws. However, it is possible that some of our products were sold or will be sold to distributors or other parties, without our knowledge or consent, in violation of applicable law. There can be no assurances that we will be in compliance in the future. Any such violation could result in significant criminal or civil fines, penalties, or other sanctions and repercussions, including reputational harm, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In conjunction with defense procurements, some international customers require contractors to comply with industrial cooperation regulations, including entering into industrial participation, industrial development or localization agreements, sometimes referred to as offset agreements, as a condition to obtaining orders for our products and services. These offset agreements generally extend over several years and obligate the contractor to perform certain commitments, which may include in-country purchases, technology transfers, local manufacturing support, consulting support to in-country projects, investments in joint ventures and financial support projects, and to prefer local suppliers or subcontractors. The customer’s expectations in respect of the scope of offset commitments can be substantial, including high-value content, and may exceed existing local technical capability. Failure to meet these commitments, which can be subjective and outside of our control, may result in significant penalties, and could lead to a reduction in sales to a country.

We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to current and evolving compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.

As a public company we incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses that we likely would not incur as a private company. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, which require, among other things, that we file with the SEC annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq have imposed various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. Our management and

other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Further, in July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, was enacted. There are significant corporate governance and executive compensation related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that have required the SEC, from time to time, to adopt additional rules and regulations in these areas. Stockholder activism, the current political environment and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to further substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. The rules and regulations applicable to public companies substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. When these requirements divert the attention of our management and personnel from other business concerns, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The increased costs may decrease our net income (or increase our net loss) and may require us to reduce costs in other areas of our business or increase the prices of our products or services. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements.

Other Risks

Outages, computer viruses, cyber-attacks, and similar cybersecurity threats could materially disrupt our operations, and breaches of our information systems may cause us to incur significant legal and financial exposure.

We rely on information technology (IT) networks and systems, some of which are owned and operated by third parties, to collect, process, transmit, and store electronic information. In particular, we depend on our information systems for a variety of functions, including worldwide financial reporting, inventory management, procurement, invoicing, and email communications. These information systems are susceptible to outages due to fire, floods, power loss, telecommunications failures, hacking, terrorist attacks, and similar cybersecurity threats. In addition, in the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data in our data centers and on our networks, including intellectual property, our proprietary and confidential business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, and personally identifiable information of our employees. The secure collection, processing, storage, maintenance, and transmission of this information is critical to our operations. Despite the implementation of network security measures, our information systems, including those owned and operated by third parties, on which we rely are vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins, cyber-attacks, attacks by hackers or breaches due to employee or third party (including suppliers and business partners) error, malfeasance, or other disruptions that are material and adverse. Further, our operations could also be materially disrupted if our vendors experience such outages or breaches. While we have experienced cybersecurity incidents in the past, to date none have materially affected us or our business strategy, results of operations, financial condition and/or cash flows. However, if unauthorized parties gain material access to our information systems or material information is used in an unauthorized manner, misdirected, altered, lost, or stolen during transmission, any theft or misuse of such information could result in, among other things, unfavorable publicity, governmental inquiry and oversight, difficulty in marketing our services, allegations by our customers that we have not performed our contractual obligations, loss of customers, litigation by affected parties, and possible financial obligations for damages related to the theft or misuse of such information, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, some of our employees work remotely, including while traveling for business, which increases our cybersecurity risk, creates data accessibility concerns, and makes us more susceptible to security breaches or business disruptions.

In addition, threat actors are also increasingly using tools and techniques that circumvent controls, evade detection, and remove forensic evidence, which means that we and others may be unable to anticipate, detect, deflect, contain, or recover from cybersecurity incidents in a timely or effective manner. As AI capabilities improve and are increasingly adopted, we may see cybersecurity incidents created through AI. These attacks could be crafted with an AI tool to directly attack IT systems with increased speed and/or efficiency than a human threat actor or create more effective phishing emails. In addition, the cybersecurity threat could be introduced from the result of our or our customers and business partners incorporating the output of an AI tool that includes a threat, such as introducing malicious code by incorporating AI generated source code. Our information systems, as well as those of our customers and business partners, may be subject to unauthorized access by hackers or breached due to operator error, malfeasance, or other system disruptions.

Privacy, information security, and data protection laws, rules, and regulations could affect or limit how we collect and use personal information, increase our costs, and adversely affect our business opportunities.

Many U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, including those promulgated by the SEC, require companies to provide notice of cybersecurity incidents involving certain types of personal data or unauthorized access to, or interference with, our information systems to the public, certain individuals, the media, government authorities, or other third parties. Certain of these laws and regulations include notice or disclosure obligations contingent upon the result of complex analyses, including in some cases a determination of materiality. The nature of cybersecurity incidents can make it difficult to quickly and comprehensively assess an incident's overall impact to our business, and we may make errors in our assessments. If we are unable to appropriately assess a cybersecurity incident in the context of required analyses then we could face compliance issues under these laws and regulations, and we could be subject to lawsuits, regulatory fines or investigations, or other liabilities, any or all of which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Furthermore, cybersecurity incidents experienced by us, or by our customers or vendors, that lead to public disclosures may also lead to widespread negative publicity and increased government or regulatory scrutiny. Any security compromise in our industry, whether

actual or perceived, could harm our reputation; erode customer confidence in our security measures; negatively affect our ability to attract new customers; or subject us to third-party lawsuits, regulatory fines or investigations, or other liability, any or all of which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Even the perception of inadequate security may damage our reputation and negatively impact our ability to win new customers and retain existing customers.

Additionally, we could be required to expend significant capital and other resources to investigate and address any actual or suspected cybersecurity incident or to prevent further or additional incidents. To maintain business relationships, we may find it necessary or desirable to incur costs to provide remediation and incentives to customers or other business partners following an actual or suspected cybersecurity incident. We also cannot be sure that our existing cybersecurity insurance will continue to be available on acceptable terms, in sufficient amounts to cover any claims we submit, or at all. Further, we cannot be sure that insurers will not deny coverage as to any claim, and some cybersecurity incidents may be outside the scope of our coverage, including in instances where they are considered force majeure events. Cybersecurity incidents may result in increased costs for cybersecurity insurance. One or more large, successful claims against us in excess of our available insurance coverage, or changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We may need additional capital in the future to fund investments in our operations, refinance our indebtedness, and to maintain and grow our business, and such capital may not be available on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all.

Our business is capital-intensive, and our ability to increase revenue, profit, and cash flow depends upon continued capital spending. To the extent that the funds generated by our ongoing operations are insufficient to cover our liquidity requirements, we may need to raise additional funds through financings. If we are unable to fund our operations and make capital expenditures as currently planned or if we do not have sufficient liquidity to service the interest and principal payments on our debt, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If we do not achieve our expected operating results, we would need to reallocate our sources and uses of operating cash flows. This may include borrowing additional funds to service debt payments, which may impair our ability to make investments in our business. Looking ahead at long-term needs, we may need to raise additional funds for a number of purposes, including the following:

Should we need to raise funds through incurring additional debt, we may become subject to covenants even more restrictive than those contained in our current debt instruments. There can be no assurance that additional capital, including any future equity or debt financing, would be available on a timely basis, on favorable terms, or at all. If such funds are not available to us when required or on acceptable terms, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Issues arising during the upgrade of our enterprise resource planning system could affect our operating results and ability to manage our business effectively.

We are continuing the process of upgrading our ERP management system to enhance operating efficiencies and provide more effective management of our business operations. We are investing significant financial and personnel resources into this project. However, there is no assurance that the system upgrade will meet our current or future business needs or that it will operate as designed. The transition to the new ERP system will affect numerous systems necessary for our operation. If we fail to correctly implement one or more components of the ERP system, we could experience significant disruption to our operations. Such disruptions could include, among other things, temporary loss of data, inability to process certain orders, failure of systems to communicate with each other and the inability to track or reconcile key data. We are heavily dependent on automated management systems, and any significant failure or delay in the system upgrade could cause a substantial interruption to our business and additional expense, which could result in an adverse impact on our operating results, cash flows, or financial condition.

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards to offset future taxable income for U.S. federal, state, and foreign income tax purposes is subject to limitations, and future transfers of shares of our common stock could cause us to experience an “ownership change” that could further limit our ability to utilize our net operating losses.

Under U.S. federal income tax law, a corporation’s ability to utilize its net operating losses (NOLs) to offset future taxable income may be significantly limited if it experiences an “ownership change” as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. In general, an ownership change will occur if there is a cumulative change in a corporation’s ownership by “5‑percent shareholders” that exceeds 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period.

A corporation that experiences an ownership change will generally be subject to an annual limitation on its pre-ownership change NOLs equal to the value of the corporation immediately before the ownership change, multiplied by the long-term tax-exempt rate (subject to certain adjustments). The annual limitation for a taxable year is generally increased by the amount of any “recognized built‑in gains” for such year and the amount of any unused annual limitation in a prior year. As a result of our acquisition of Viasystems, the NOLs acquired were subject to this limitation. Future transfers or sales of our common stock during a rolling three‑year period by any of our “5-percent shareholders” could cause us to experience an ownership change under Section 382, which could further limit our use of NOLs.

If our net earnings do not remain at or above recent levels, or we are not able to predict with a reasonable degree of probability that they will continue, we may have to record a valuation allowance against our net deferred income tax assets.

Our U.S. entities and certain of our foreign subsidiaries have deferred income tax assets. Based on our forecast for future earnings and analysis, we believe we may not utilize our deferred income tax assets in future periods in the U.S. and certain subsidiaries in foreign jurisdictions and as a result have established a valuation allowance against those deferred tax assets. If our estimates of future earnings and analysis changes, we may change our determination to have a valuation allowance against our deferred income tax assets, which will result in an increase or decrease to our income tax provision that can impact our results of operations.

Unanticipated changes in our tax rates or in our assessment of the realizability of our deferred income tax assets or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and various foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes and, in the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations in which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. Our effective tax rates could be materially adversely affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries and states with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred income tax assets and liabilities, changes in tax laws or regulations as well as other factors. Many countries are considering implementing or have implemented legislation to align their tax law with guidance proposed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In particular, the OECD’s Pillar Two proposes a global minimum tax of 15% on a country-by-country basis for multinational enterprises (MNEs) which have annual global revenue exceeding Euro (EUR) 750 million. The implementation of Pillar Two, which became effective in many countries on January 1, 2024, in countries in which we operate may adversely impact our effective tax rates. We have evaluated and will continue to evaluate the impact of Pillar Two as the countries in which we operate issue new guidance and regulations. Our tax determinations are regularly subject to audit by tax authorities, and developments in those audits could also adversely affect our income tax provision. Although we believe that our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits or tax disputes may be different from what is reflected in our historical income tax provisions, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

The following table describes our headquarters and our principal manufacturing facilities as of December 30, 2024:

We maintain our properties in good operating condition. We believe that our properties are suitable and adequate for us to operate at present levels, and the productive capacity and extent of utilization of the facilities are appropriate for our existing manufacturing requirements.

On November 1, 2023, we announced our selection of Syracuse, New York as the location for a new proposed advanced technology PCB manufacturing facility. We expect that the proposed facility will bring advanced technology capability for our domestic high-volume production of ultra-high-density interconnect (HDI) PCBs in support of national security requirements. We believe the planned investment aligns with New York State’s continuing focus on the region as a premier technology hub for U.S. electronics and the recent selection of Buffalo-Rochester-Syracuse (BRS) for the Federal Tech Hub designation. The project reflects our support for cultivating a stronger microelectronics ecosystem in New York and across the U.S. Aerospace and Defense industrial base. We are continuing construction for the new building on the 24-acre property adjacent to our existing facility in Syracuse for the campus expansion and the site for the new facility, and we expect to commence initial low rate production in 2026. Phase one of the proposed project, including capital for campus-wide improvements is estimated to be $100.0 million to $130.0 million. We expect to receive support in the form of grants, awards, and tax credits from both federal and New York state sources of approximately

$52.0 million in the aggregate (subject to certain requirements and contingencies), which would offset the initial capital investment and lower operating expenses.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, we may become a party to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. There can be no assurance that we will prevail in any such litigation. We believe that the amount of any reasonably possible or probable loss for known matters would not be material to our financial statements; however, the outcome of these actions is inherently difficult to predict. In the event of an adverse outcome, the ultimate potential loss could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows in a particular period.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “TTMI”.

As of February 14, 2025, there were approximately 236 holders of record of our common stock, although there are a significantly larger number of beneficial owners of our common stock.

STOCK PRICE PERFORMANCE GRAPH

The performance graph below compares, for the period from December 30, 2019 to December 30, 2024, the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock against the cumulative total return of the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Dow Jones U.S. Electrical Components and Equipment Index.

The graph assumes $100 was invested in our common stock on December 30, 2019, and an investment in Nasdaq Composite Index and the Dow Jones U.S. Electrical Components & Equipment Index. The stock performance shown on the graph below represents historical stock performance and is not necessarily indicative of future stock performance.

COMPARISON OF 5 YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*

Among TTM Technologies, Inc., the Nasdaq Composite Index

and the Dow Jones U.S. Electrical Components & Equipment Index

* $100 invested on December 30, 2019 in stock or index, including reinvestment of dividends.

The performance graph above shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. The performance graph above will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing of our company under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently expect to retain future earnings for capital expenditures and acquisitions, and to fund working capital requirements, repay existing debt, and to repurchase shares and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Additionally, our ability to pay dividends is limited pursuant to covenants contained in our various debt agreements.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On May 3, 2023, our Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program, under which we may repurchase up to $100.0 million of our outstanding shares of common stock through May 3, 2025. We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock during the quarter ended December 30, 2024.

ITEM 6. RESERVED

Not applicable.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This financial review presents our operating results for each of our three most recent fiscal years and our financial condition as of December 30, 2024. Except for historical information contained herein, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements which are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. We discuss such risks, uncertainties, and other factors throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K (Report) and specifically under Item 1A, Risk Factors of Part I of this Report. In addition, the following discussion should be read in connection with the information presented in our consolidated financial statements and the related notes to our consolidated financial statements.

COMPANY OVERVIEW

We are a leading global manufacturer of technology solutions, including mission systems, radio frequency (RF) components, RF microwave/microelectronic assemblies, and quick-turn and technologically advanced printed circuit boards (PCB). We focus on providing time-to-market and volume production of advanced technology products and offer a one-stop design, engineering, and manufacturing solution to our customers. This solution allows us to align technology development with the diverse needs of our customers and to enable them to reduce the time required to develop new products and bring them to market. We serve a diversified customer base consisting of approximately 1,400 customers in various markets throughout the world, including aerospace and defense, data center computing, automotive, medical, industrial and instrumentation, and networking. Our customers include original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), electronic manufacturing services (EMS) providers, original design manufacturers (ODMs), distributors, and government agencies (both domestic and allied foreign governments).

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

In the third quarter of 2024, we commenced construction of our new advanced technology PCB manufacturing facility in Syracuse, New York. We expect that our new facility will bring advanced technology capability for our domestic high-volume production of ultra-high-density interconnect (HDI) PCBs in support of national security requirements. We believe the planned investment aligns with New York State’s continuing focus on the region as a premier technology hub for U.S. electronics and the recent selection of Buffalo-Rochester-Syracuse (BRS) for the Federal Tech Hub designation. The project reflects our support for cultivating a stronger microelectronics ecosystem in New York and across the U.S. Aerospace and Defense industrial base. The new building will be located on the 24-acre property adjacent to our existing facility in Syracuse, and we expect to commence initial low rate production in 2026. Phase one of the proposed project, including capital for campus-wide improvements is estimated to be $100.0 million to $130.0 million. We expect to receive support in the form of grants, awards, and tax credits from both federal and New York state sources of approximately $52.0 million in the aggregate (subject to certain requirements and contingencies), which would offset the initial capital investment and lower operating expenses.

In addition, we previously announced plans to consolidate our integrated electronics facilities in Elizabeth City, North Carolina and Huntington, New York into existing facilities in order to improve efficiencies. As of the end of fiscal year 2024, the closure of Elizabeth City has been completed and the closure of Huntington is expected by the middle of 2025.

FINANCIAL OVERVIEW

While our customers include both OEMs and EMS providers, we measure customers based on OEM companies, as they are the ultimate end customers. Sales to our five largest customers accounted for 42%, 41%, and 33% of our net sales in fiscal years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, which is in line with the increase in sales in our aerospace and defense end market. We sell to OEMs both directly and indirectly through EMS providers.

The percentage of our net sales attributable to each of the principal end markets we served was as follows:

We derive revenues primarily from the sale of PCBs, engineered systems using customer-supplied engineering and design plans as well as our long-term contracts related to the design and manufacture of highly sophisticated intelligence, surveillance, and communications solutions, and RF and microwave/microelectronics components, assemblies, and subsystems. Orders for products generally correspond to the production schedules of our customers and are supported with firm purchase orders. Our customers have continuous control of the work in progress and finished goods throughout the PCB and engineered systems manufacturing process, as these are built to customer specifications with no alternative use, and there is an enforceable right of payment for work performed to date. As a result, we recognize revenue progressively over time based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. We recognize revenue based on a cost method as it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which takes place as we incur costs. Revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred.

We also manufacture certain components, assemblies, subsystems, and completed systems which service our RF and Specialty Components (RF&S Components) customers and certain aerospace and defense customers. We recognize revenue at a point in time upon transfer of control of the products to our customer. Point in time recognition was determined as our customers do not simultaneously receive or consume the benefits provided by our performance and the asset being manufactured has alternative uses to us.

Net sales consist of gross sales less an allowance for returns, which typically have been approximately 2% of gross sales. We provide our customers a limited right of return for defective PCBs including components, assemblies, and subsystems. We record an estimate for sales returns and allowances at the time of sale based on historical results and anticipated returns.

Cost of goods sold consists of materials, labor, outside services, and overhead expenses incurred in the manufacture and testing of our products. Shipping and handling fees and related freight costs and supplies associated with shipping products are also included as a component of cost of goods sold. Many factors affect our gross margin, including capacity utilization, product mix, production volume, supply chain costs, and yield.

Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries, labor-related benefits, and commissions paid to our internal sales force, independent sales representatives, and our sales support staff, as well as costs associated with marketing materials and trade shows.

General and administrative costs primarily include the salaries for executive, finance, accounting, information technology, and human resources personnel, as well as expenses for accounting and legal assistance, incentive compensation expense, and gains or losses on the sale or disposal of property, plant, and equipment.

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and labor-related benefits paid to our research and development staff, as well as material costs.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our consolidated financial statements included in this Report have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP). The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, net sales and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities.

A critical accounting policy is defined as one that is both material to the presentation of our consolidated financial statements and requires us to make judgments that could have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations. These policies

require us to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time of the estimate. Critical accounting estimates refers to those estimates made in accordance with U.S. GAAP that have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the related notes due to the significant level of uncertainty involved in developing the estimate. Different estimates we could reasonably have used, or changes in the estimates that are reasonably likely to occur, could have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Management has discussed the development, selection, and disclosure of these estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the following critical accounting policies and estimates reflect the more significant judgments and estimates used by us in preparing our consolidated financial statements:

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. We apply a five-step approach in determining the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized: (1) identifying the contract with a customer; (2) identifying the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determining the transaction price; (4) allocating the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognizing revenue when the corresponding performance obligation is satisfied.

For PCBs and engineered systems, including pursuant to long-term contracts related to the manufacture of highly sophisticated intelligence, surveillance and communications solutions, components, assemblies, and subsystems, orders for products generally correspond to the production schedules of customers and are supported with firm purchase orders. Customers have continuous control of the work in progress and finished goods throughout the PCB and engineered systems manufacturing process, as these are built to customer specifications with no alternative use, and there is an enforceable right to payment for work performed to date. As a result, we recognize revenue progressively over time based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. Revenue recognized is based on a cost method as it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer which takes place as we incur costs. Revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred.

For revenue recorded on an over time basis, we apply a gross margin estimate to inventory in process of being manufactured for customers to determine how much of a contract asset or contract liability should be recorded at period end. As of December 30, 2024, total contract assets were $386.8 million, of which $381.4 million are expected to be collected within one year and recorded as contract assets and $5.4 million are expected to be collected after one year and included as a component of deposits and other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. As of January 1, 2024, total contract assets were $303.3 million, of which $292.1 million were expected to be collected within one year and recorded as contract assets and $11.3 million were expected to be collected after one year and included as a component of deposits and other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The increase in total contract assets in 2024 is primarily due to an increase in unbilled receivables. We use historical information to estimate the gross margin associated with performance obligations that are satisfied over time. We reevaluate our estimate of gross margins on a quarterly basis. Based on the review of gross margins, we update our estimate to the model as necessary. If our estimates of gross margins are inaccurate, we may recognize too much or too little revenue in a period. While experience has shown that trends in gross margins are not volatile, changes in pricing or cost efficiencies could create significant fluctuations. An increase or decrease of 200 basis points in gross margin estimates would have increased or decreased our contract assets by $3.7 million and $2.3 million, respectively, and decreased or increased our contract liabilities by $7.2 million and $5.6 million, respectively.

In addition, we manufacture components, assemblies, subsystems, and completed systems which service our RF&S Components and certain aerospace and defense customers. We recognize revenue at a point in time upon transfer of control of the products to the customer. Point in time recognition was determined as our customer does not simultaneously receive or consume the benefits provided by our performance and the asset being manufactured has alternative uses to us.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

We have significant goodwill and definite-lived intangibles. We review these assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. In addition, we perform an impairment test related to goodwill at least annually. As necessary, we make judgments regarding future cash flow forecasts in the assessment of impairment.

Goodwill is allocated to our reporting units, which are our operating segments or one level below our operating segments (the component level). Reporting units are determined by the discrete financial information available for the component and whether it is regularly reviewed by segment management. Components are aggregated into a single reporting unit if they share similar economic characteristics. We evaluate goodwill on an annual basis in the fourth quarter or more frequently if we believe indicators of impairment exist. We assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount or perform a quantitative impairment test. When tested quantitatively, we compare the fair value of the applicable

reporting unit with its carrying value. We estimate the fair values of our reporting units using a combination of the discounted cash flow (DCF) and market approach. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value is recognized as an impairment loss.

We have two reportable segments: PCB and RF&S Components. Goodwill is attributable to both of our PCB and RF&S Components reportable segments.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, we performed our annual goodwill impairment test qualitatively for the PCB reporting unit and concluded that it was more likely than not that there was no impairment to goodwill.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, we performed our annual goodwill impairment test quantitatively for the RF&S Components reporting unit. As of November 1, 2024, we completed a quantitative goodwill impairment analysis related to our RF&S Components reporting unit by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. In making this assessment, we rely on a number of factors, including expected future operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, and business trends. We determined the fair value of the reporting unit by using both a DCF and a market approach. Under the market approach, we used revenue and earnings multiples based on comparable industry multiples to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit.

Under the DCF approach, we estimated the future cash flows, as well as selected a risk-adjusted discount rate to measure the present value of the anticipated cash flows. When determining future cash flow estimates, we considered historical results adjusted to reflect current and anticipated future operating conditions. We estimated cash flows for the reporting unit over a discrete period and a terminal period (considering expected long-term growth rates and trends).

Based on our analysis, we determined that the fair value of the RF&S Components reporting unit was less than its carrying value and recorded a non-cash goodwill impairment charge of $32.6 million during the year ended December 30, 2024. Estimating the fair value of the reporting unit requires us to make assumptions and estimates in such areas as future economic conditions, industry-specific conditions, product pricing, and necessary capital expenditures. The use of different assumptions or estimates for future cash flows, discount rates, or terminal growth rates, which are subject to a high degree of judgment, could produce substantially different estimates of the fair value of the reporting unit. We may be subject to additional goodwill impairment charges if actual results do not meet the estimates used in determining the fair value of goodwill and the associated goodwill impairment charge.

Management will continue to monitor the reporting units for changes in the business environment that could impact recoverability. The recoverability of goodwill is dependent upon the continued growth of cash flows from our business activities. If the economy or business environment falter and we are unable to achieve our assumed revenue growth rates or profit margin percentages, our projections used would need to be re-measured, which could impact the carrying value of our goodwill in one or more of our reporting units.

We also assess definite-lived intangibles for potential impairment given similar impairment indicators. When indicators of impairment exist related to our definite-lived intangible assets, we use an estimate of the undiscounted cash flows in measuring whether the carrying amount of the assets is recoverable. If the sum of the undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the net assets, impairment is measured based on the difference between the net asset’s carrying value and estimated fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including cost-based, market, and income approaches as considered necessary, which involve judgments related to future cash flows and the application of the appropriate valuation model.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

We operate on a 52 or 53 week fiscal calendar with the fourth quarter ending on the Monday nearest December 31. Fiscal years 2024, 2023, and 2022 consisted of 52 weeks ended on December 30, 2024, January 1, 2024, and January 2, 2023, respectively.

The relationship of various items to net sales in our consolidated statements of operations was as follows: